Other carbonaceous materials

To explain these high specific capacities, a variety of models (some of which are highly controversial) have been put forward  

16 Ageing mechanisms in Uthium-ion batteries . Journal of Panver Sources, 147, 269-281, 2005. 

These carbons, however, present serious drawbacks, such as significant irreversible capacities during the first cycle but also during subsequent cycles. The irreversible capacity indicates the amount of irreversibly inserted 

In order to resolve these drawbacks, research is now turning toward the production of high-capacity carbons with characteristics equivalent to those of graphite. 

LTO has proved to be an effective material for negative electrodes, thanks to its high chemical and thermal stability, its non-toxicity and its electrochemical performances in terms of lifetime. 

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Conrad Industries, Inc. (CentraUa, Washington) and Clean Air Products Company (Pordand, Oregon) have jointiy built a tire pyrolysis demonstration machine which allows recovery of combustible gases, oils, and other by-products. The equipment can also handle other carbonaceous material. It is designed to process 0.9 t/h of tires the entire system is estimated to cost about 2.3 x 10 . The feedstock consists of 5-cm tires chips which produce pyrolytic filler, a vapor gas yielding 11.5 kj/m (1000 Btu/ft ), and medium and light oils yielding about 42 MJ/kg (18,000 Btu/lb) (32). 

In ancient India, a steel called wootz was made by placing very pure kon ore and wood or other carbonaceous material in a tightly sealed pot or cmcible heated to high temperature for a considerable time. Some of the carbon in the cmcible reduced the kon ore to metallic kon, which absorbed any excess carbon. The resulting kon—carbon alloy was an excellent grade of steel. In a similar way, pieces of low carbon wrought kon were placed in a pot along with a form of carbon and melted to make a fine steel. A variation of this method, in which bars that had been carburized by the cementation process were melted in a sealed pot to make steel of the best quaUty, became known as the cmcible process. 

Property Modifiers. Property modifiers can, in general, be divided into two classes nonabrasive and abrasive, and the nonabrasive modifiers can be further classified as high friction or low friction. The most frequently used nonabrasive modifier is a cured resinous friction dust derived from cashew nutshell Hquid (see Nuts). Ground mbber is used in particle sizes similar to or slightly coarser than those of the cashew friction dusts for noise, wear, and abrasion control. Carbon black (qv), petroleum coke flour, natural and synthetic graphite, or other carbonaceous materials (see Carbon) are used to control the friction and improve wear, when abrasives are used, or to reduce noise. The above mentioned modifiers are primarily used in organic and semimetallic materials, except for graphite which is used in all friction materials. 

The process for the thermal activation of other carbonaceous materials is modified according to the precursor. For example, the production of activated carbon from coconut shell does not require the stages involving briquetting, oxidation, and devolatilization. To obtain a high activity product, however, it is important that the coconut shell is charred slowly prior to activation of the char. In some processes, the precursor or product is acid-washed to obtain a final product with a low ash content (23,25). 

Coke Coke is the solid, cellular, infusible material remaining after the carbonization of coal, pitch, petroleum residues, and certain other carbonaceous materials. The varieties of coke generally are identified by prefixing a word to indicate the source, if other than coal, (e.g., petroleum coke) or the process by which a coke is manufactured (e.g., oven coke). 

Other carbonaceous materials such as municipal waste plastics, cel-hilosics, and used motor oils may also serve as cofeedstocKs with coal in this technology. 

Multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) are produced by arc discharge between graphite electrodes but other carbonaceous materials are always formed simultaneously. The main by-product, nanoparticles, can be removed utilizing the difference in oxidation reaction rates between CNTs and nanoparticles [9]. Then, it was reported that CNTs can be aligned by dispersion in a polymer resin matrix [10]. However, the parameters of CNTs are uncontrollable, such as the diameter, length, chirality and so on, at present. Furthermore, although the CNTs are observed like cylinders by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), some reports have pointed out the possibility of non-cylindrical structures and the existence of defects [11-14]. 

The comparison in between natural graphite and other carbonaceous materials has shown that natural graphite having sufficient purity and an optimal set of surface properties can be an outstanding candidate for lithium-ion battery applications. 

The catalytic activation of carbon monoxide is a research area currently receiving major attention from academic, industrial, and government laboratories. There has been a long standing interest in this area however, the new attention obviously is stimulated by concerns with the present and future costs and availability of petroleum as a feedstock for the production of hydrocarbon fuels and of organic chemicals. One logical alternative source to be considered is synthesis gas, mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that can be produced from coal and other carbonaceous materials. 

Carbon-based nanocomposite concepts have been successfully developed to limit or reduce these adverse effects and at the same time enhance the electron or ion transport [8]. CNT is an ideal building block in the carbon-inorganic composite/hybrid due to its mechanical, physical, chemical properties as mentioned above. CNTs are apparently superior to other carbonaceous materials such as graphite or amorphous carbon and are more adaptable to the homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles than other carbonaceous materials [36],... 

Carbon blacks are promising electrode materials due to their relatively high activities and long lifetimes in contrast to the lower activity or rapid deactivation of the other carbonaceous materials [16-20]. These catalytic characteristics of carbon blacks are attributed to their microstructure that has many active sites consisting of edges and defects in nanosized graphitic layers [19-21]. 

Awasthi et al. (1997) studied the aerobic degradation of endosulfan (20 mg) in soil (5 g) using a two-membered coculture incubated at 28 °C. The biodegradation half-life of 4 wk was approximately 4 times longer than in the culture medium. The investigators indicated the longer half-life was either due to the adsorption of the endosulfan onto the soil particles or due presence of other carbonaceous materials in the soil (e.g., organic carbon). 

The diamond is found in natural deposits in many parts of the world. Also, it can be synthesized from graphite or other carbonaceous materials. Graphite can be converted to diamond under high temperatures (about 1,400°C) and very high pressure (in the range 4,000-5,000 atm) in the presence of a metal catalyst such as iron or nickel. Presence of trace impurities can impart different coloration to diamonds. For example, introducing trace boron or nitrogen causes blue or yellow coloration. 

American Dynamites, Low Freezing, Non Gelatinized, are a series of straight" dynamites which do not freeze at temps prevailing in the USA in winter. They consist of 20 to 60% of mixed nitric esters (NG with NGc) absorbed on wood pulp(or other carbonaceous materials) and mixed with sufficient Na or K nitrate to maintain any desired oxygen balance... 

The present report gives the methods used and the data obtained for acid, ester, aldehyde, ketone, amide, hydroxyl, and ether functional groups in kero-gen and trona acids. These methods may be applicable also in studying coals and other carbonaceous materials. 

Proton and Carbon-13 NMR of Coal Derivatives and Other Carbonaceous Materials... 

Unfortunately. tile water resistance of ANFO is low and numerous experiments in attempting 10 dry-package it were not markedly successful. This shortcoming of ANFO led Cook. Farnunt. and others 10 develop slum explosives. These materials are comprised of oxidizers, such as NH,N(), and NaNO, fuels, such as coals, oils, aluminum, and other carbonaceous materials sensitizers, such as TNT. mlrosLurch and smokeless powder and water—all mixed with a gelling agent 10 form a thick, viscous explosive... 

See also Charcoal, Coal other carbonaceous materials Refs l)capt ( ) Monni, SS 1, 305- 8(1906) ... 

The name coke is also applied to solid residues obtained from various other carbonaceous materials, such as petroleutn, shale oil, copal, tar, etc (Refs 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10 11)... 

Oxanilide and many other carbonaceous materials, incorporated in the grains of colloided powder, yield powders which are flashless in guns of the smaller calibers and, in many cases, are as powerful, weight for weight, as powders which contain none of the inert, or at least non-explosive, ingredients. If nitrocellulose burning in the gun produces 1 mol of carbon dioxide and a certain amount of other gaseous products, then nitrocellulose plus 1 mol of carbon under the same conditions will produce 2 mols of... 

Slurry explosives consist of oxidizers (NH4N03 and NaN03), fuels (coals, oils, aluminum, other carbonaceous materials), sensitizers (trinitrotoluene, nitrostarch, and smokeless powder), and water mixed with a gelling agent to form a thick, viscous explosive with excellent water-resistant properties. Slurry explosives may be manufactured as cartridged units, or mixed on site. 

Owing to its extraordinary chemical stability, semiconductor diamond undoubtedly offers serious competition to other electrode materials. However, unlike other carbonaceous materials (e.g. graphite, glassy carbon, etc.), which gained a wide application in electrochemistry, diamond became an object of electrochemical investigation only as late as the decade of the 1990s. Until then, there was a serious handicap to such an investigation. First, diamond was an extremely rare, hard-to-access material. Second, diamond as such is a dielectric hence, it cannot be used as electrode. 

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