Metals, from petroleum residues

Our main purpose for developing residual hydroconversion catalyst is the upgrading of petroleum residue, decomposition of asphaltenic components and hydrocracking of hydrocarbons to obtain useful middle distillates from petroleum residue. Through extensive studies on HDS catalysts, hydroconversion was determined to be entirely dependent on reaction temperature [2]. On the other hand, coking and metal deposition onto catalyst were reported to occur under such high temperatures as to decrease catalyst activity and shorten catalyst life [5,6,7,8]. 

Most lubricants are made from natural raw materials paraffins from petroleum residues, lignite carbonization, or bimminous shales the natural fatty acids (Cje to Cl 8 acids and mixtures of same), vegetable and animal fats. Further hydration of the fatty acids results in fatty alcohols. The most effective lubricants in technical terms, as well as the most expensive lubricants, are refined mmitanic waxes (C28-C32). Semisynthetic lubricants are based on the conversion of alcohols to esters, metal oxides or hydroxides to salts or amines to amides. FuUy S3mthetic waxes include low molecular PE and PP waxes or copolymers made from ethylene, VAC, acrylic, or crotonic acid. 

Sulfur Polymer Cement. SPC has been proven effective in reducing leach rates of reactive heavy metals to the extent that some wastes can be managed solely as low level waste (LLW). When SPC is combined with mercury and lead oxides (both toxic metals), it interacts chemically to form mercury sulfide, HgS, and lead sulfide, PbS, both of which are insoluble in water. A dried sulfur residue from petroleum refining that contained 600-ppm vanadium (a carcinogen) was chemically modified using dicyclopentadiene and oligomer of cyclopentadiene and used to make SC (58). This material was examined by the California Department of Health Services (Cal EPA) and the leachable level of vanadium had been reduced to 8.3 ppm, well below the soluble threshold limit concentration of 24 ppm (59). 

Solvent extraction may also be used to reduce asphaltenes and metals from heavy fractions and residues before using them in catalytic cracking. The organic solvent separates the resids into demetallized oil with lower metal and asphaltene content than the feed, and asphalt with high metal content. Figure 3-2 shows the IFP deasphalting process and Table 3-2 shows the analysis of feed before and after solvent treatment. Solvent extraction is used extensively in the petroleum refining industry. Each process uses its selective solvent, but, the basic principle is the same as above. 

Combifining A petroleum refining process which removes asphaltenes, sulfur, and metals from residues, before further treatment. The catalyst is an activated petroleum coke in a fluidized bed, operated under hydrogen pressure at 380 to 420°C. 

Vanadium. A residual oil was desulphurized (673 K, 115 atm) with a non-stoicheiometric vanadium sulphide (S/V, 0.8-1.8) formed in situ from VS4 Vanadium sulphide catalysts have been prepared by in situ sulphiding of vanadium complexes, e.g., bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV), dissolved in crude petroleum.Vanadium compounds occurring in heavy oils have been activated as desulphurization and demetallization catalysts by treatment with triethylaluminium. Catalysts consisting of vanadium promoted by nickel can be prepared in situ by deposition of the metals from heavy crude oils. Ni-V hds and hdm catalysts on silica or carbon have been claimed. 

Soils are a complex part of an ecosystem, capable of absorbing toxic chemicals, such as heavy metals, organic compounds, and other hazardous materials from nature or from human activities. Examples of materials found at polluted sites have been metals like cadmium, copper, mercury, chromium, nickel, zinc, strontium, uranium, etc., and hydrocarbons such as petroleum residues. 

Carbon black, which consistently ranks about thirty-fifth among the top 50 chemicals produced in the United States, is manufactured by partially oxidizing the residual hydrocarbons from petroleum refining coke is made by heating coal in the absence of air to remove volatile components and activated charcoal is made by heating sawdust or peat in the presence of certain metal salts. More than 90% of the 1.14 billion kg of carbon black produced annually is used by the rubber industry, mostly for reinforcing the rubber in fires. The demand for carbon black is easily understood when it is pointed out that the 4 tires on an automobile require more than 15 kg of carbon black... 

The technology is applicable to wastes that are contaminated with organic compounds and heavy metals and that have significant heat content, which should range from 3000 to 12,000 Btu per pound. The technology also treats soils contaminated with coal tar residues, petroleum refinery wastes, and municipal solid wastes, chemical waste, munitions, and rocket propellants. 

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