Petroleum raffinate

Petroleum is the mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons (although the term is often restricted to the non-gases) derived from chemical reactions on prehistoric animal and vegetable matter which occurs as reservoirs in sedimentary rocks from which it is extracted. Petroleum (8002-05-9) syn. crude oil or petroleum oil also contains inorganics such as compounds of sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, metals, etc. 

Natural gas (8006-14-2) is the gaseous component of petroleum. It is mostly methane with some ethane and smaller quantities of propane, butane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen, helium, and other gases. It is distributed in commerce as compressed or liquefied natural gas (LNG) for fuel and other purposes. 

Crude oil is processed in refineries by distillation, cracking, reforming, alkylation, polymerization, and other methods to generate gases, distillates, residuum, and sludges from which an enormous number of petroleum products 

The author was unable to find a reference for why an oil well sampling device might be charged with a compressed or liquefied gas. 

In addition to natural gas a number of gases are associated with petroleum  

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Raffinat, n. (Petroleum) raffinate, -blei, n. refined lead. 

Figure 3 Intracrystaliine t a> and long-range selfdiffusion coefficients and intracrystaliine mean life times rinii c 1 and r1 of methane in granulated zeolite KaCaA, and comparison with the break-through capacities for a petroleum raffinate (e) and the specific retention volume for n-pentane if), in dependence on the temperature of hydrothermal pretraatment applied over a time interval of 7 h ( > and 14 h (Oi, respectively (Reproduced with permission iron Ref. t>. Copyright lya Butterworth)...

Figure 23 Coefficients of (a) intracrystalline and (b) long-range self-diffusion, and (c) intracrystalline mean lifetimes Tj , and (d) Timra " for methane in granulated zeolite NaCaA at 293 K. Also, comparison with (e) the breakthrough capacities for a petroleum raffinate and (0 the specific retention volume for /i-pentane all plotted against the temperature of hydrothermal pretreatment applied over a time interval of 7 h (0) and 14 h (O), respectively. (From Ref. 175.)...

Petroleum naphtha, heavy alkylate. See Naphtha, heavy alkylate Petroleum naphtha, hydrodesulfurized heavy. See Naphtha, hydrodesulfurized heavy Petroleum oil. See Naphtha Mineral oil Petroleum pitch. See Asphalt Petroleum raffinate. See Petroleum raffinates, sorption process... 

Petroleum raffinates, sorption process CAS 64741-85-1 EINECS/ELINCS 265-087-1 Synonyms Petroleum raffinate Raffinates (petroleum), sorption process Sorption raffinate Uses Solvent... 

SAS 25%. See Sodium allyl sulfonate SAS. See Sodium Cl 1-14 alkane sulfonate Sodium C14-18 alkane sulfonate Sodium alum Saskehem 70. See Calcium hypochlorite Sasoi LPA Solvent, Sasol LPA-142 Solvent, Sasol LPA-150 Solvent, Sasol LPA-170 Solvent, Sasol LPA-210 Solvent. See Petroleum distillates, hydrotreated light Sasol MR Solvent. See Petroleum raffinates, sorption process... 

Sorption raffinate. See Petroleum raffinates, sorption process... 

Pentylamine Petroleum distillates, acid-treated middle Petroleum distillates, alkylate Petroleum distillates, catalytic reformer fractionator residue, low boiling Petroleum distillates, heavy hydrotreated naphthenic Petroleum distillates, heavy thermal cracked Petroleum distillates, hydrotreated light, low-boiling Petroleum distillates, hydrotreated middle Petroleum distillates, light hydrocracked Petroleum raffinates, sorption process... 

Naphtha, solvent-refined light Textile Spirits 64741-85-1 Penreco 150-B Solvent Petroleum raffinates, sorption process Sasol MR Solvent 64741-86-2 EXK-385-MS0 Magie 470 Oil Magie 500 Oil... 

Chem. Descrip. Petroleum distillates, hydrotreated light (0-75%), petroleum raffinates, sorption process (0-75%), highly-refined petroleum lubricant oiis, and proprietary mixture... 

DHR [Druck-Hydrogenium-Raffination German, meaning hydrorefining] A petroleum refining process developed by BASF in Germany. See DHC. 

Solvent extraction is used extensively in the petroleum industry to refine lubricating oils, kerosene, and specialty oils for medicinal and agricultural purposes. It is a process that separates hydrocarbons into two phases—a raffinate which contains substances of high hydrogen to carbon ratio and an extract which contains substances of low hydrogen to carbon ratio. 

Most commercial extraction solvents currently are utilized to produce an improved raffinate. Recently, American Cyanamid announced availability of various dipropio-nitriles which are capable of recovering pure aromatics with exceptional selectivity. Extractive distillation to recover benzene or toluene from petroleum fractions has become an accepted commercial process. The possibilities of utilizing selective adsorption for concentration of aromatics has been receiving serious consideration. 

Solvent Extraction—The process of mixing a petroleum stock with a selected solvent, which preferentially dissolves undesired constituents, separating the resulting two layers, and recovering the solvent from the raffinate (the purified fraction) and from the extract by distillation. 

In the early 1970s, Union Oil developed and patented a chromatographic system based on the principle of a simulated moving bed (SMB) [6-8]. A schematic of a SMB unit is shown in Figure 1.4. Streams of the mobile phase (the desorbent ) and of the feed to separate are continuously injected into the column while streams of the less retained (the raffinate ) and the more retained components (the extract ) are continuously withdrawn, all at constant flow rates. The rotary valves switch periodically the positions in the columns where these streams enter or exit. The operation of SMB imits is discussed in detail in Chapter 17. Manufacturing facilities have been built and are operated for the fractionation of various petroleiun distillates, for example, the selective separation of p-xylene, o-xylene and ethylbenzene from the C7-C8 aromatic fraction of light petroleum reformates, the separation of olefins from paraffins in feed mixtures of hydrocarbons having 10 to 14... 

In aLkaline flooding, the injected aUcali reacts with the saponifiable components in the reservoir crude oil. These saponifiable components are described as petroleum acids (naphthenic acids). Naphthenic acid is the name for an unspecific mixture of several cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl carboxylic acids with molecular weight of 120 to well over 700. The main fractions are carboxylic acids (Shuler et al., 1989). Other fractions conld be carboxyphenols (Seifert, 1975), porphyrins (Dnnning et al., 1953), and asphaltene (Pasquarelli and Wasan, 1979). The naphtha fraction of the crnde oil raffination is oxidized and yields naphthenic acid. The composition differs with the crude oil composition and the conditions dnring raffination and oxidation (Rndzinski et al., 2002). 

Source J. E. Gallagher, Jr., I. A. Cody, and A. A. Claxton, Raffinate Hydroconversion. Development and Commercialization of Raffinate Hydroconversion—A New Technology to Manufacture High Performance Basestocks for Crankcase and Other Applications, Paper LW-99-121, presented at the National Petroleum Refiners Association meeting,, 1999. With permission. 

Petroleum Lubricant Raffinates. As stated previously, the sulfonation of these materials resembles that of dodecylbenzene regarding process details and reagents used (SO3 or oleum), but differs in that petroleum oils are only partially sulfonatable and in that the reaction is often done in stages for better sulfonate yield and lower acid consumption. 

Classification Petroleum hydrocarbon Definition Complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained as the raffinate from a solvent extraction process consists of predominantly C5-11 aliphatic hydrocarbons Properties B.p. 35-190 C Toxicology OSHA PEL 400 ppm Uses Solvent... 

Classification Petroleum distillate Definition Complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained as a raffinate from a sulfuric acid treating process consists of hydrocarbons in C11-20 range, boiling range 205-345 C Properties B.p. 205-345 C Toxicology OSHA PEL 5 mg/m ... 

There are two types of solvent extraction solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction. The former, often called leaching, is the process of removing a substance from a mixture of solids by mixing with a liquid (the solvent) in which the substance it is required to separate is dissolved. Liquid-liquid extraction is based on the same principle, but in this case a solution of a dissolved substance is intimately mixed with another liquid (the solvent). If the two liquids are immiscible, two separate liquid layers are formed when the mixture is allowed to settle, the dissolved substance being concentrated in the second liquid. The liquid now containing the dissolved substance is called the rich layer or extract and the remaining spent layer is called the raffinate. In many cases one of the solvents used is water, and these are termed aqueous extractions. Solvents commonly used in conjunction with water are chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, benzene, toluene, xylene, and petroleum ethers. 

Part of the petroleum refinery, the isomerization unit (ISOM) unit, was in the process of being started up just prior to the destmctive explosion and fire. This part of the unit had been shut down for about a month for a maintenance mmaround. During this startup a tall (164 ft.) distillation column (which separates blends of petroleum) called a raffinate splitter tower was inadvertently overfilled [ 14]. 

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