Petroleum refining lubricants

In petroleum refining, lubricating oil is treated with sulfuric acid to remove unsaturated compounds, and after settling, the oil and acid layers are separated. The acid layer is added to water and heated to separate the sulfuric acid from the sludge contained in it. The dilute sulfuric acid, now 20% H2SO4 at 82°C, is fed to a... 

Urea has the remarkable property of forming crystalline complexes or adducts with straight-chain organic compounds. These crystalline complexes consist of a hoUow channel, formed by the crystallized urea molecules, in which the hydrocarbon is completely occluded. Such compounds are known as clathrates. The type of hydrocarbon occluded, on the basis of its chain length, is determined by the temperature at which the clathrate is formed. This property of urea clathrates is widely used in the petroleum-refining industry for the production of jet aviation fuels (see Aviation and other gas-TURBINE fuels) and for dewaxing of lubricant oils (see also Petroleum, refinery processes). The clathrates are broken down by simply dissolving urea in water or in alcohol. 

NPRA. 1992. 1991 Report on U.S. lubricating oil sales. National Petroleum Refiners Association, Washington, DC. 

Used industrially in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, textile chemicals, adhesives, binders, petroleum refining chemicals, fuels, lubricants, coating resins, varnishes, polymerizations, lacquers, agricultural chemicals, cosmetics, ion exchange resins, photographic chemicals, surfactants used in the paper industry and as a flocculation aid. 

Molybdenum is also used as a catalyst in petroleum refining, as a pigment for paints and printer s ink, and as a high-temperature lubricant (molybdenum disulphide-MoS ) for use by spacecraft and high-performance automobiles. 

Uses. Fuel and lubricant additive solvent in cosmetics solvent in petroleum refining coupling agent in hydraulic brake fluid and printing inks gasoline anti-icer additive... 

Lead sulfide occurs in nature as the mineral galena. Most lead comes from this ore. Additionally, lead sulfide has several industrial applications. It is used in infrared detectors transistors photoconductive cells high temperature lubricants and for glazing earthenware. It also is used as a catalyst in petroleum refining for removal of mercaptans from petroleum distillates. 

Solvent extraction is used extensively in the petroleum industry to refine lubricating oils, kerosene, and specialty oils for medicinal and agricultural purposes. It is a process that separates hydrocarbons into two phases—a raffinate which contains substances of high hydrogen to carbon ratio and an extract which contains substances of low hydrogen to carbon ratio. 

Because of the brevity of this paper, it is possible to outline only the more important developments. Hundreds of petroleum-base lubricants are available, each of which is suitable for one or more applications. Most of these lubricants contain additives to modify or improve their properties. Pure iron is rarely satisfactory for fabrication of structures and machines. Its performance is improved by regulation of the amount of carbon present, and by addition of carefully controlled amounts of other metals such as manganese, chromium, and nickel. Similarly, striking improvements in the performance of lubricants are obtained by addition of modifying chemicals in proportions of less than 0.001 to 25% or more. At present there appears to be little promise of improving the performance of lubricants through development of new methods of refining. It seems probable that the development of additives will be the major effort for some years. 

Petroleum refining establishments produce gasoline, fuel oils, lubricants and other products from crude petroleum. Related industries include production of asphalt and tar mixtures for paving and roofing applications coke, fuel briquette, powdered and packaged fuel production, and scrubbing and distribution of natural gas. 

APIPAT. This is the patent database produced by the American Petroleum Institute and covers patents from 1964 of interest to the petrochemical industry, including petroleum refining, pollution control, uses of petrochemicals, and catalysts. Enhanced indexing includes terms applied from a hierarchical thesaurus with automatic posting to the broader terms in the hierarchy. Fragments called chemical aspects are linked to describe each compound, and the compounds are further linked to roles (eg, reactant or product) and use (eg, antioxidant or lubricant). ORBIT provides access to a merged APIPAT/WPI file, which allows searchers to draw on the strengths of both databases without the need to search them separately (95). 

In a trickle bed reactor the gas and liquid flow (trickle) concurrently downward over a packed bed of catalyst particles. Industrial trickle beds are typically 3 to 6 m deep and up to 3 m in diameter and are filled with catalyst particles ranging irom to in. in diameter. The pores of the catalyst are filled with liquid. In petroleum refining, pressures of 34 to 100 atm and temperatures of 350 to 425°C are not uncommon. A pilot-plant trickle bed reactor might be about 1 m deep and 4 cm in diameter. Trickle beds are used in such processes as the hydrodesulfurization of heavy oil stocks, the hydrotreating of lubricating oils, and reactions such as the production of butynediol from acetylene and aqueous formaldehyde over a copper acetylide catalyst. It is on this latter type of reaction,... 

Petroleum refining for the production of fuels and lubricants remains the dog that wags the taiP when chemicals from petroleum are considered. This does not mean that the dog never circles after his tail witness the success of catalytic reforming processes, greatly stimulated by the need for aromatic hydrocarbons as chemicals. But it does mean that when petroleum or its frac-... 

In the early days of petroleum refining, kerosene was the major product, followed by paraffin wax wanted for the manufacture of candles. Lubricating oils were at first by-products of paraffin wax manufacture. The preferred lubricants in the 1860s were lard oil, sperm oil, and tallow, but as the trend to heavier industry increased, the demand for mineral lubricating oils increased, and after the 1890s petroleum displaced animal and vegetable oils as the source of lubricants for most purposes. 

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