Production from ethylene

Formation of acetaldehyde and metallic Pd by passing ethylene into an aqueous solution of PdCl2 was reported by Phillips in 1894 15] and used for the quantitative analysis of Pd(II)[16], The reaction was highlighted after the industrial process for acetaldehyde production from ethylene based on this reaetion had been developed[l,17,18]. The Wacker process (or reaction) involves the three unit reactions shown. The unique feature in the Wacker process is the invention of the in situ redox system of PdCl2-CuCl2. 

Butadiene is obtained as a by-product from ethylene production. It is then separated from the C4 fraction by extractive distillation using furfural. 

Isobe, K. and Nishise, H. (1995) A new enzymic method for glycolaldehyde production from ethylene glycol. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B-Enzymatic, 1 (1), 37—43. 

Plesch, 1953]. This reaction along with hydride transfer from monomer (Eq. 5-18) and intramolecular transfers (Sec. 5-2b) are responsible for the production of only low-molecular-weight products from ethylene and 1-alkenes. 

The main advantages for the high-pressure process compared to other PE processes are short residence time and the ability to switch from homopolymers to copolymers incorporating polar comonomers in the same reactor. The high-pressure process produces long-chain, branched products from ethylene without expensive comonomers that are required by other processes to reduce product density. Also, the high-pressure process allows fast and efficient transition for a broad range of polymers. 

Ethylene oxide production from ethylene with supported... 

In a stereochemical study f-Cethylenel-da (C2H2D2) [32] was reacted with palladium chloride and cupric chloride under extreme conditions, i. e., extremely high chloride ion concentration as cupric and lithium chlorides. Under such conditions 2-chloroethanol was formed as the main product from ethylene, besides some acetaldehyde [33] (see Section 2.4.1.5.1) this is not the normal product of the Wacker reaction. In the above study the formation of cis-, 2-dideuterioethylene oxide, evidently via 1,2-dideuterio-2-chloroethanoI, suggests trans addition of water (nnh-hydroxypalladation). 

Some reaction products from ethylene and nucleophiles are shown in Scheme 1. In some cases, the reaction can be made catalytic by using appropriate reoxidants. 

Ethylene oxide production from ethylene with supported Ag(s) as the catalyst ... 

In Delaware, this oil (4500 gal/yr) is recycled at the oil refinery at Delaware City 306 Liquid carbon dioxide is being used to take motor oil off of high-density polyethylene containers, so that both can be recycled.307 Safety-Kleen Corp. offers nationwide collection for used oil and antifreeze from cars and other sources.308 Mobile on-site services are also available for removing toxic compounds and acid degradation products from ethylene glycol antifreeze, with addition of new corrosion inhibitors, so that the antifreeze can be reused.309 Organoclays have been used to remove oils from water.310... 

Ethylene dimerization has been extensively reviewed by Al-Jarallah et al. The main product from ethylene dimerization is but-l-ene, and it is useful as a comonomer in polyethylene production. Usually, the homogeneous titanium catalytic system is established in the commercial production routes. But still, much work has been made concerning ethylene dimerization using heterogeneous catalytic systems with high activity. ... 

Differences between Model 2 and Model 3 would only have been expected for residence time sensitive reaction systems, such as, for instance, ethylene glycol production from ethylene oxide and water, but not for the esterification studied here. The very simple Model 1 still gives reasonable predictions, which would, for instance, be sufficient for conceptual design studies. The fact that the rate-based Model 4 gives entirely wrong predictions in the present case should not be overemphasized and may be due to the very limited amount of available thermophysical and fluid dynamic input data. 

The onset of formation of an electronically excited state of an ion is usually not readily apparent from the form of the photoionization cross-section curve. The reason is that one or more Rydterg series must converge to this limit and these Rydberg states can autoionize by electronic interaction, a process which is usually faster than possible competing processes such as predissociation. There are a few known exceptions to the latter statement. Thus the production, from ethylene, of the C2H4 ion in its first electronically excited state is evidenced by a clear series of vibrational steps unobscured by autoionization. " ... 

We noticed an important similarity with respect to structures that are apt to form these fibers, namely that rigid structures are more likely to form fibers. In the present study, several of the created polyethers did not produce fibers upon recovery from the Petri dish. These structures included products from ethylene glycol, 1,6-hexanediol,... 

TABLE VIII Comparison of Observed and Calculated Distributions of C3A 5 Isotopic Products from Ethylene Parent-Ion Reactions Using Deuterated Reactants... 

Figure 5.3.4 Important industrial products from ethylene.

Quirk and co-workers [25] evaluated the amount of chain transfer to monomer during the alkyl lithium initiated polymerisation of 1,3 cyclohexadiene. This was achieved by characterisation of the products from ethylene oxide termination. The products were separated by SEC, thin layer chromatography, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and MALDI-ToF spectroscopy. 

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