Biologically Produced

Two basic mechanisms cause biological corrosion. Biologically produced substances may actively or passively cause attack. Each mechanism either accelerates preexisting corrosion or establishes a new form of metal loss. Often the distinction between active and passive attack is vague. 

Since the stereochemistry of the triene system of LTB4 had not been determined prior to synthesis, a number of stereoisomers of LTB4 were prepared for purposes of definitive comparison of physical properties and bioactivity with biologically produced LTB4. The various stereoisomers of LTB4 were much less active biologically than LTB4 itself. 

To this point, organic matter in the ocean has been treated primarily as RKR average plankton. We now need to focus on the fate of this biologically produced organic carbon. 

Fig. 14-5 Typical distribution of P and temperature in a temperate lake in summer. Thermal stratification restricts exchange between surface and deep wafers. Phosphorus is depleted in the surface waters by the sinking of biologically produced particles.

Kleinjan WE, de Keizer A, Janssen AJH (2003) Biologically Produced Sulfur. 230 167-188 Klibanov AL (2002) Ultrasound Contrast Agents Development of the Field and Current Status. 222 73-106... 

Weatherley (1998) has discussed all the relevant aspects of the separation of low molecular weight biologically produced molecules by solvent extraction. A high degree of selectivity can be realized by careful selection of the solvent. Problems associated with the rheology of the broth, the presence of surfactants and solid materials needs to be recognized. There is a scope to consider intensified electrostatic contact for broth dispersion and separation. Examples covered in this treatise include penicillin G and cA-dihydrodiols. 

Holmes PA (1988) Biologically produced PHA polymers and copolymers. In Bassett (ed) Developments in crystalline polymers. Elsevier, London, p 1... 

Holmes P (1988) Biologically Produced (R)-3-hydroxyalkanoate Polymers and Copolymers. In Development in Crystalline Polymers, Volume 2. Elsevier, London... 

Straub, K. L., Hanzlik, M. and Buchholz-Cleven, B. E. E. (1998). The use of biologically produced ferrihydrite for the isolation of novel iron-reducing bacteria, Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 21, 442-449. 

FDA. (1985). Points to Consider in the Production and Testing of New Drugs and Biologicals Produced by Recombinant DNA Technology. 

In a simplified model, the metal ions equilibrate on the outside of the cell with biologically produced and excreted ligands l 2 or ligands on the cell surface L3 these reactions are followed by a slow transport step to the inside of the cell. In the cell, the metal ions may be used in biochemical processes or become trapped in inactive forms as a detoxification mechanism. (After Williams, 1983) (cf. Fig. 4.15a). (From Sigg, 1987)... 

Chen, P.R., Tucker, W.P., and Dauterman, W.C. Structure of biologically produced malathion monoacid. J. Agrlc. Food Chem., 17(l) 86-90, 1969. 

Enhancement of Biodegradation by Biologically Produced Oxygen Radicals... 

Recent advances have seen both Tighe(87) and Lenz(90)developing procedures for carboxylated polyesters. Tighe has evaluated biologically produced polymers.(88) American Cyanamid Company continues to modify poly(glycolic acid) by copolymerizing ethylene oxide.(89)... 

Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring complex mixture, composed mainly of hydrocarbons. Although there are, without any doubt, numerous compounds that have been formed directly from biologically produced molecules, the majority of petroleum components are of secondary origin, either decomposition products or products of condensation and polymerization reactions. 

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