Amperometric biosensor based

E.V. Gogol, G.A. Evtugyn, J.L. Marty, H.C. Budnikov, and V.G. Winter, Amperometric biosensors based on Nafion coated screen-printed electrodes for the determination of cholinesterase inhibitors. Talanta 53, 379-389 (2000). 

A.A. Ciucu, C. Negulescu, and R.P. Baldwin, Detection of pesticides using an amperometric biosensor based on ferophthalocyanine chemically modified carbon paste electrode and immobilized bienzymatic system. Biosens. Bioelectron. 18, 303-310 (2003). 

Q. Chi and S. Dong, Amperometric biosensors based on the immobilization of oxidases in a Prussian blue film by electrochemical codeposition. Anal. Chim. Acta 310, 429-436 (1995). 

L. Mao, E Xu, Q. Xu, and L. Jin, Miniaturized amperometric biosensor based on xanthine oxidase for monitoring hypoxanthine in cell culture media. Anal. Biochem. 292, 94—101 (2001). 

A.A. Karyakin, O.V. Gitelmacher, and E.E. Karyakina, A high-sensitive glucose amperometric biosensor based on Prussian blue modified electrodes. Anal. Lett. 11, 2861—2869 (1994). 

S. Milardovic, I. Kruhak, D. Ivekovic, V. Rumenjak, M. Tkalcec, and B.S. Grabaric, Glucose determination in blood samples using flow injection analysis and an amperometric biosensor based on glucose oxidase immobilized on hexacyanoferrate modified nickel electrode. Anal. Chim. Acta 350, 91-96... 

P.P. Joshi, S.A. Merchant, Y. Wang, and D.W. Schmidtke, Amperometric biosensors based on redox polymer-carbon nanotube-enzyme composites. Anal. Chem. 77, 3183—3188 (2005). 

B.H. Liu, F. Yan, J.L. Kong, and J.Q. Deng, A reagentless amperometric biosensor based on the coimmobilization of horseradish peroxidase and methylene green in a modified zeolite matrix. Anal. Chim. Acta 386, 31-39 (1999). 

S. Ignatov, D. Hishniashvili, B. Ge, F.W. Scheller, and F. Lisdat, Amperometric biosensor based on a functionalized gold electrode for the detection of antioxidants. Biosens. Bioelectron. 17, 191-199 (2002). 

T.J. Castilho, M. del P.T. Sotomayor, and L.T. Kubota, Amperometric biosensor based on horseradish peroxidase for biogenic amine determinations in biological samples. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal. 37, 785-791 (2005). 

Q. Yao, S. Yabuki and F. Mizutani, Preparation of a carbon paste/alcohol dehydrogenase electrode using polyethylene glycol-modified enzyme and oil-soluble mediator, Sens. Actuators B Chem., 65(1-3) (2000) 147-149. A. Morales, F. Cespedes, E. Martinez-Fabregas and S. Alegret, Ethanol amperometric biosensor based on an alcohol oxidase-graphite-polymer biocomposite, Electrochim. Acta, 43(23) (1998) 3575-3579. 

F. Palmisano, R. Rizzi, D. Centonze and P.G. Zambonin, Simultaneous monitoring of glucose and lactate by an interference and cross-talk free dual electrode amperometric biosensor based on electropolymerized thin films, Biosens. Bioelectron., 15(9-10) (2000) 531-539. 

S. Miertus, J. Katrlik, A. Pizzariello, M. Stred ansky, J. Svitel and J. Svorc, Amperometric biosensors based on solid binding matrices applied in food quality monitoring, Biosens. Bioelectron., 13(7-8) (1998) 911-923. 

The amperometric biosensor based on carbon paste electrode ensures proximity at the molecular level between the catalytic and electrochemical sites because the carbon electrode is both the biocatalytic phase and the electrode sensor (Table 17.2). The tissue containing carbon paste can be incorporated in various electrode configurations and these have very rapid response times, extended lifetimes, high rigidity, mechanical stability and very low cost. 

Biosensors for the determination of blood glucose have enjoyed widespread commercial success since the introduction of the pen-sized 30 s blood glucose meter [10]. However, researchers have continued to devise novel approaches in the development of amperometric biosensors based on screen-printing technology Table 23.1 summarises some examples of these approaches together with their performance characteristics. 

V. Shumyantseva, G. Deluca, T. Buiko, S. Carrara, C. Nicolini, S.A. Usanov and A. Archakov, Cholesterol amperometric biosensor based on cytochrome P450scc, Biosens. Bioelectron., 19 (2004) 971-976. 

The same problem was also present when other amperometric biosensors, based on different class of enzymes, were assembled. For example, the amperometric detection of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) has been a matter of investigation for many years in the biosensor field [1,2]. 

S. Razola Serradilla, B. Ruiz Lopez, N. Diez Mora, H.B. Mark and J.M. Kauffmann, Hydrogen peroxide sensitive amperometric biosensor based on horseradish peroxidase entrapped in a polypyrrole electrode, Biosens. Bioelectron., 17(11-12) (2002) 921-928. 

Abbot combined gas chromatography with mass spectrometry [317]. Skladal et al. [319] used amperometric biosensors based on acetyl or bu-tyrylcholinesterase for the kinetic determination of organophosphorus insecticides in soil extracts. 

Sirkar K, Pishko M. Amperometric biosensors based on oxidoreductases immobilised in photopolymerised polyethylene glycol) redox polymer hydrogels. Analytical Chemistry 1998, 70, 2888-2894. 

Amperometric biosensors based on flavin-containing enzymes have been studied for nearly 30 years. These sensors typically undergo several chemical or electrochemical steps which produce a measurable current that is related to the substrate concentration. In the initial step, the substrate converts the oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) center of the enzyme into its reduced form (FADH2). Because these redox centers are essentially electrically insulated within the enzyme molecule, direct electron transfer to the surface of a conventional electrode does not occur to a substantial degree. The classical" methods (1-4) of indirectly measuring the amount of reduced enzyme, and hence the amount of substrate present, rely on the natural enzymatic reaction ... 

Amperometric biosensors based on self-assembled multilayered structures... 

As was indicated in Section 3.3, an issue to be addressed before glucose or other biosensors is a commercially practical sensor fabrication. An easier and simpler sensor fabrication method was recently investigated using ferrocene modified redox polymer hydrogels. Sirkar and Pishko reported amperometric biosensors based on oxidoreductase immobilization in UV-photopolymerized... 

Palmisano et al. recently reported a comprehensive review for amperometric biosensors based on electrosynthesized polymeric films [129]. Potential development of so-called third generation biosensors , namely sensors... 

Kulys, J. Vidziunaite, R., Amperometric biosensors based on recombinant laccases for phenols determination, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2003, 18, 319-325... 

Kranz, C. Wohlschlaeger, H. Schmidt, H. L. Schuhmann, W. Controlled electrochemical preparation of amperometric biosensors based on conducting polymer multilayers. Electroanalysis. 1998, 10, 546-552... 

Smutok, O. Ngounou, B. Pavlishko, H. Gayda, G. Gonchar, M. Schuhmann, W., A reagentless bienzyme amperometric biosensor based on alcohol oxidase/peroxidase and an os-complex modified electrodeposition paint, Sens. Actuator B-Chem. 2006,113, 590-598... 

Ikeda, T., Miyaoka, S., Ozawa, S., Matsushita, F., Kobayashi, D., and Senda, M. (1991) Amperometric biosensors based on biocatalyst electrodes. Mediated and mediatorless enzyme electrodes. Analytical Sciences, 7, 1443-1446. 

Yu D, Blankert B, Bodoki E, BoUo S, Vire J, Sandulesku R, Nomura A, Kauffman J (2006) Amperometric biosensor based on horseradish peroxidase-immobiUzed magnetic particles. Sens Actuators B Chem 113 749-754... 

Microbial contamination of milk can be tested through determination of l- and D-lactate. Two amperometric biosensors based on the l- and D-lactate dehydrogenase enzymes have been proposed for l- and D-lactate assay.119 They assure a continuous monitorizing of l- and D-lactate in milk, and they also assure good reliability of the analytical information. 

It is very important to assay the essential amino acids in food and feeds for their nutritional value. To obtain the most reliable analytical information, an electrometric method based on amperometric biosensors122123 was adopted. Because of the reliability assured, the amperometric biosensors can be integrated in an amperometric FIA system.123 For the assay of aminoacids it is very important to discriminate the l- and D-amino acids. Constructed amperometric biosensors based on L-aminoacid oxidase and D-amino acid oxidase can discriminate the l- and D-amino acids.124 125 For this purpose, these electrometric methods assure the best reliability of the analytical information as a result of the simplicity of sampling process, and because of the possibility of assaying the enantiomers without prior separation from the matrix. 

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