Pesticide in soil

Physical Processes Affecting Pesticides in Soil and Water... 

Many factors affect the mechanisms and kinetics of sorption and transport processes. For instance, differences in the chemical stmcture and properties, ie, ionizahility, solubiUty in water, vapor pressure, and polarity, between pesticides affect their behavior in the environment through effects on sorption and transport processes. Differences in soil properties, ie, pH and percentage of organic carbon and clay contents, and soil conditions, ie, moisture content and landscape position climatic conditions, ie, temperature, precipitation, and radiation and cultural practices, ie, crop and tillage, can all modify the behavior of the pesticide in soils. Persistence of a pesticide in soil is a consequence of a complex interaction of processes. Because the persistence of a pesticide can govern its availabiUty and efficacy for pest control, as weU as its potential for adverse environmental impacts, knowledge of the basic processes is necessary if the benefits of the pesticide ate to be maximized. 

Albanis TA, Pomonis PJ, Sdoukos AT. 1988a. Describing movement of three pesticides in soil using a CSTR in series model. Water Air Soil Pollut 39 293-302. 

EPA. 1980c. Adsorption, movement and biological degradation of large concentrations of selected pesticides in soils. Cincinnati, OH U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA-600/2-80-124. 

Krapac IG, Roy WR, Smyth CA, et al. 1995. Occurrence and distribution of pesticides in soil at agrichemical facilities in Illinois. J Soil Contam 4 209-226. 

McEean JE, Sims RC, Doucette WJ, et al. 1988. Evaluation of mobility of pesticides in soil using U.S. EPA Methodology. J Environ Engin 114 689-703. 

El Beit lOD, Cotton DE, Wheelock V. 1983. Persistence of pesticides in soil leachates Effect of pH, ultraviolet irradiation and temperature. Int J Environ Stud 21 251 -259. 

E1 Beit lOD, Wheelock JV, Cotton DE. 1981c. Factors involved in the dynamics of pesticides in soils The effect of pesticide concentration on leachability and adsorption. Int J Environ Stud 16 181-187. 

The natural and socio-economic differences within the EU require the most decisions on the monitoring and enforcement of residues in the environment as well as measures to redress failures at local, regional, and national levels. Therefore, no harmonized limits for pesticides in soil and in air exist. 

Figure 3. Proposed chemical reactions leading to stabilization of phenylamide, phenylcarbamate and phenylurea pesticides In soils. (From ACS Symposium Series No. 29, 1976) (173).

Huggenberger, F. "Adsorption and Mobility of Pesticides in Soils." Ph. D. Thesis University of California, Riverside,... 

Stevenson F.J. Organic matter reactions involving pesticides in soil. In Bound and Conjugated Pesticide Residues, D.D. Kaufman, G.G. Still, G.D. Paulson, S.K. Bandal, eds. Washington American Chemical Society, 1976. 

V. Lopez-Avila, C. Charan, and J. van Emon, Supercritical fluid extraction-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay applications for determination of pesticides in soil and food, in Immunoassays for Residue Analysis Food Safety (R.C. Beier and L.H. Stanker eds), ACS Symposium Series 621, American Chemical Society, Washington (1996). 

Theng BKG, Kookana RS, Rahman A (2000) Environmental concerns of pesticides in soil and groundwater and management strategies in Oceania. In Huang PM, Iskandar IK (eds) Soils and groundwater pollution and remediation-Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp 42-79... 

KoC is an important parameter which describes the potential for movement or mobility of pesticides in soil, sediment and groundwater. Because of the structural complexity of these agrochemical molecules, the above simple relationship which considers only the chemical s hydrophobicity may fail for polar and ionic compounds. The effects of pH, soil properties, mineral surfaces and other factors influencing sorption become important. Other quantities, KD (sorption partition coefficient to the whole soil on a dry weight basis) and KqM (organic matter-water partition coefficient) are also commonly used to describe the extent of sorption. K0M is often estimated as 0.56 KoC, implying that organic matter is 56% carbon. 

Requejo, A.G., R.H. West, P.G. Hatcher, and P.A. McGillivary. 1979. Polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in soils of the Everglades National Park and adjacent agricultural areas. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13 931-935. 

Ford, W.M. and E.P. Hill. 1991. Organochlorine pesticides in soil sediments and aquatic animals in the upper Steele Bayou watershed of Mississippi. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20 161-167. 

We can see that the concentrations of both nitrate and nitrite in drinking water and vegetables are excessive. The accumulation of nitrate in food web of this biogeochemical province was accompanied with a high content of residual pesticides in soils of agroecosystems (Table 10). 

Sanchez-Camazano M, Sanchez-Martm MJ, Poveda E, Iglesias-Jimdnez E. Study of the effect of exogenous organic matter on the mobility of pesticides in soil using soil thin-layer chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1996 754 279-284. 

Qin BH, Yu BB, Zhang Y, Lin XC. Residual analysis of organochlorine pesticides in soil by gas chromatograph-electron capture detector (gc-ecd) and gas chromatograph-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS). Environ. Forensics 2009 10 331-335. 

Moder M, Popp P, Eisert R, Pawliszyn J. Determination of polar pesticides in soil by solid phase microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray/mass spectrometry. Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem. 1999 363 680-685. 

The problems relating to increased contamination levels and/or insufficient sensitivity may be overcome by using matrix-solid phase dispersion, MS detection in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode, and/or large volume injection. An example of combined analysis that utilizes specific detection is shown in Fig. 2.6. It entails simultaneous analyses of PAHs, PCBs, chlorobenzene, and organochlorine pesticides in soil. 

Kavetskii et al. [224] developed a method for the simultaneous determination of pesticides in soil. A combination of thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography was used. The pesticides examined were 4,4 DDT, 4,4 DDD, 4,4 DDE, 2,4 DDT, GHCG, aGHCG, Metaphos, Phosphamidon, Phozalone, Atrazine, Prometryne, Simazine and 2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid. Detection limits were in the range 0.5-5pg kgy1. 

Bartha R, Lanzilotta RP, Pramer D. 1967. Stability and effects of some pesticides in soil. Appl Microbiol 15 67-75. 

Ghadiri H, Rose CW, Connell DW. 1995. Degradation of organochlolrine pesticides in soils under controlled environment and outdoor conditions. Journal of Environmental Management 43 141-151. 

EPA. 1977. The degradation of selected pesticides in soil A review of published literature. 

The interest in mineral-promoted organic reactions stems from the need to understand the fate of pesticides in soils and pollutants in sedimentary environments (8), petrogenesis (20-27), humification (19, 28, 29), the origin and evolution of life (1, 30), the use of clays as catalysts in industrial processes (31-37), in pharmaceutical applications (3), and as pigments and fillers in paper, plastic, and rubber (37). 

L. Sun and H.K. Lee, Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction of carbamate pesticides in soil by experimental design methodology. J. ChromatogrA 1014 (2003) 165-177. 

Harris Cl. 1969. Movement of pesticides in soil. J Agric Food Chem 17 88-82. 

McCarty PL, King PH. 1966. The movement of pesticides in soils. Purdue University Engineering Bulletin Extension Series, 156-171. 

Nash RG. 1974. Plant uptake of insecticides, fungicides and fumigants from soils. In Guenzi WD, et al. eds. Pesticides in soil and water. Madison, Wl Soil Science of America Inc. Publishers, 257-313. 

Tomizawa L. 1975. Degradation of organophosphorus pesticides in soils with special reference to anaerobic soil conditions. Environ Qual Saf 4 117-127. 

Sanborn JR, Francis BM, Metcalf RL. 1977. The degradation of selected pesticides in soil A review of the published literature. Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, by Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, 111. EPA 600/9-77-022. NTIS No. PB-272353. 

Gerstl, Z. and Helling, C. S. Evaluation of molecular connectivity as a predictive method for the adsorption of pesticides in soils. 

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