Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays applications

V. Lopez-Avila, C. Charan, and J. van Emon, Supercritical fluid extraction-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay applications for determination of pesticides in soil and food, in Immunoassays for Residue Analysis Food Safety (R.C. Beier and L.H. Stanker eds), ACS Symposium Series 621, American Chemical Society, Washington (1996). 

Kingan, T. (1989). A Competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay Applications in the Assay of Peptides, Steroids, and Cyclic Nucleotides, Biochem. 183 283-289. 

TR. Dombrowski, E.M. Thurman, and G.B. Mohrman, A first application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening cyclodiene insecticides in ground water, in Environmental Immunochemical Methods, ed. J.M. Van Emon, C.L. Ger-lach, and J.C. Johnson, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 148-154 (1996). 

McConnell RJ, Fitzgerald SP, Lamont JV (1992) Trenbolone and 19-nortestosterone residue analysis by immunoaffinity chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography and/or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In Morgan MRA, Smith CJ, Williams PA (eds) Food safety and quality assurance applications of immunoassay systems. Elsevier, Barking, p 245... 

PAMAM dendrimers or modified PAMAM dendrimers (with oxiamine or sulfhydryl surface functionalities) exclusive of one another. These antisera recognize den-drimers in ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays), dot blots and Western blots. The immunogenicity of dendrimer-protein conjugates has implications for therapeutic use of dendrimers as vaccines and we anticipate that antidendrimer antibodies will have applications in patterning and assembling nanostructures containing dendrimers. 

Zajicek, J.L. Tillitt, D.E. Huckins, J.N. Petty, J.D. Potts, M.E. Nardone, D.A. 1996, Application of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Measurement of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) from Hydrophobic Solutions Extracts of Fish and Dialysates of Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs). In Environmental Immunochemical Methods, ACS Symposium Series 646 American Chemical Society Washington, D.C. Chapter 26, pp 307-325. 

Establishment Inspection Report Establishment License Application enzyme linked immunosorbent assay European Medicines Agency Environmental Protection Agency European Public Assessment Report end of production cell bank erythropoietin... 

Important for increasing the effectiveness of water-quality protection policies are the assessment of herbicides, nitrates, and antibiotics in water resources, the development of immunochemical techniques to measure herbicide residues, and the application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. 

To summarize proposed methodology Future-active Future-passive This project will involve development and applications of... (From Aga, 2002) These studies will be pursued through... (From Kinsel, 1999) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays will be employed for the analysis of antibiotics. (From Aga, 2002)... 

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a new method in alkaloid studies. The application of ELISA to alkaloid study is based on antibody incubations. It differs from classical precipitation-based methods in that specific antigen-antibody interactions are recognized by assaying an enzyme label conjugated to one reactant, usually an antibody. Because of the sensitivity with which enzyme... 

Further improvement of microchemical methods for proteinaceous media was based on immunological techniques. The high specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction enables the discrimination of the same protein coming from different species, or the detection of multiple antigens in the same sample. Application to the analysis of artwork has been reported in two types of immunological techniques immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) [31]. 

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. An indirect application of enzymes in analysis is as a marker or label in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In ELISA, the enzyme does not react with the analyte instead, an antibody is raised against the analyte (antigen or hapten) and labelled with easily assayed enzyme, usually a phosphatase or a peroxidase. The enzyme activity is proportional to the amount of antibody in the system, which in turn is proportional, directly or indirectly depending on the arrangement used, to the amount of antigen present (Morris and Clifford, 1984). 

Apart from radioimmunoassays, various enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays have been described as well. Campbell et al. (42) first reported a sensitive and specific ELISA using polystyrene tubes and a polyclonal antibody. However, the performance of this method was not evaluated with real samples but only with standards and aqueous muscle tissue extracts. Sensitive ELISAs were also developed for the determination of chloramphenicol in milk (43) and eggs (44) the results drawn by the latter assay correlated well with those obtained by application of a radioimmunoassay. 

Butler, J. E., McGivern, P. L., Conterero, L. A. and Peterson, L. 1980. Application of the amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Comparative quantitation of bovine serum IgGi, IgG2, IgA, and IgM antibodies. Am. J. Vet. Res. 41, 1479-1491. 

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a very useful technique for the specific and sensitive assay of certain compounds, in which suitable antibodies, monoclonal or polyclonal, to the compounds are available. The technique has found particular application m the monitoring of environmental contaminants and toxins, either studying the primarily contaminated materials, e.g., foodstuffs, or body fluids of potentially exposed humans. The technique has been increasingly applied to monitoring the carcinogenic mycotoxins, the aflatoxins. 

The most predominant application of antibodies has been in the area of diagnostic assays, known as immunoassays, which exploits the specific interaction between the antibody and antigen. The world immunoassay market for clinical and food diagnostics, environmental analysis and other applications exceeded 1.2 billion in 1990. ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay) represents 60% of that market (2). Annual growth rates have been projected at 10-15%. The food diagnostics is projected to grow to 500 million by the year 2000 (3). 

Nagano, I., Pei, F., Wu, Z., Wu, J., Cui, H., Boonmars, T. and Takahashi, Y. (2004) Molecular expression of a cysteine proteinase of Clonorchis sinensis and its application to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunodiagnosis of clonorchiasis. Clinical, Diagnostic and Laboratory Immunology 11, 411 f16. 

Microwave heat-assisted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used for measuring anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies in kidney serum (Van Dorp et al., 1991) The presence of GBM antibodies is one of the characteristics of Goodpasture s syndrome. The application of microwave heating reduces the duration of incubation to assay circulating anti-GBM autoantibodies. 

An application example of Immuchip for the analysis of Interleukin IB by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is described in Procedure 50 (see in CD accompanying this book). 

For mycotoxin analyses radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISAs) and affinity chromatography are the principal immunochemical methods in commercial application. Immunoaffinity columns or cartridges for specific mycotoxins are now being increasingly used in preliminary clean-up of extracts prior to final analysis by HPLC or GLC methods. 

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