Membrane excitable

B Hille. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes. 2nd ed. Sunderland, MA Smauer, 1992. 

Hille B (1992) Ionic channels of excitable membranes. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, pp 1-423... 

Hille B (2001) Ion channels of excitable membranes, 3rd edn. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA... 

Hartshome, D.J. (1987). Biochemistry of the contractile process in smooth muscle. In Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. 2nd Edition (Johnson. L.R. ed.), pp. 423-482, Raven Press, New York. Hille, B. (1992). Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes. 2nd edn., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. 

In the sarcoplasm of resting muscle, the concentration of Ca + is 10 to 10 mol/L. The resting state is achieved because Ca + is pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the action of an active transport system, called the Ca + ATPase (Figure 49-8), initiating relaxation. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of fine membranous sacs. Inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca + is bound to a specific Ca -binding protein designated calsequestrin. The sarcomere is surrounded by an excitable membrane (the T tubule system) composed of transverse (T) channels closely associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 

Hille, B. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes Sinauer Associates Sunderland, MA, USA, 1984. 

The tetrodotoxins (TTXs) and saxitoxins (STXs) have in common the ability to block sodium channels of excitable membranes (1—5), Saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin are some of the most potent non-proteinaceous neurotoxins known and are responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality (6, 7). Although for many years the biosynthetic origin(s) of TTXs and STXs has not been identified, recent evidence indicates that bacteria may be a source. 

Evidence from a number of systems suggests that ion flux plays a role in palytoxin action. In a wide range of systems, palytoxin effects are accompanied by a change in intracellular cation levels. For example, the influx of Na and/or Ca is associated with palytoxin-stimulated contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle, the release of norepinephrine by rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, and the depolarization of excitable membranes 12—15). Palytoxin also induces K efflux from erythrocytes and thus alters ion flux in a nonexcitable membrane system as well 16-19). In both excitable and nonexcitable membranes, the ultimate action of palytoxin has been shown to be dependent on extracellular cations. The palytoxin-induced effects on smooth muscle and erythroctyes can be inhibited by removing Ca from the media, and the palytoxin-induced release of norephinephrine from PC12 cells can be blocked in Na" free media (ii, 14y 18, 20, 21)... 

Starmer C.F. Grant A.O. and Strauss, H.C. Mechanisms of use-dependent block of sodium channels in excitable membranes by local anesthetics. Biophys J 46 5-21, 1984. 

The Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) equations model action potentials in membranes. Variants of these equations are used in most models for electrical activity of excitable membranes and have been studied by many authors. 

H, and Albuquerque, E.X. Interaction of phencyclidine and its analogues on ionic channels of the electrically excitable membrane and nicotinic receptor Implications for behavioral effects. Mai Pharmacol 21 637-647, 1982. 

Albuquerque, E.X. Warnick, J.E. Aguayo, L.G. Ickowicz, R.K. Blaustein, M.P. Maayani, S. and Weinstein, H. Phencyclidine Differentiation of behaviorally active from inactive analogs based on interactions with channels of electrically excitable membranes and of cholinersic receptors. In Kamenka, J.M. Domino, E.F. and Geneste P., eds. Phencvclidine and Related Arvl hexvl ami nes Present and Future Appl i cat ions. Ann Arbor ... 

Calahan, M., Molecular properties of sodium channels in excitable membranes, in The Cell Surface and Neuronal Function (Eds C. W. Cotman, G. Poste and G. L. Nicholson), P. I, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980. 

Ulbricht, W., Ionic channels and gating currents in excitable membranes, Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng., 6, 7 (1977). 

Hille, B. Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes, 3rd edn. Sunderland, MA Sinauer Associates, 2001. 

Excitable membranes maintain and rapidly modulate substantial transmembrane ion gradients in response to stimuli 576 Specific lipid messengers are cleaved from reservoir phospholipids by phospholipases upon activation by various stimuli 576 Phospholipids in synaptic membranes are an important target in seizures, head injury, neurodegenerative diseases and cerebral ischemia 576 Some molecular species of phospholipids in excitable membranes are reservoirs of bioactive lipids that act as messengers 576 Mammalian phospholipids generally contain polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains almost exclusively esterified to the second carbon of glycerol 577... 

Excitable membranes maintain and rapidly modulate substantial transmembrane ion gradients in response to... 

Synaptic stimulation, ischemia or seizure activates phospholipase A2 and releases arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids. Ischemia or seizure triggers accumulation of free AA, DHA and other FFA in the brain( see also Chs 32, 37). This reflects PLA2 activation in excitable membranes [24]. While little is known about the mechanisms that control its activity, the importance of cPLA2 in ischemic brain injury is strongly supported by the recent finding that cPLA2-knockout mice have substantially reduced infarcts and neurologic deficits in a model of stroke [25],... 

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