Early humans

Several of the products discussed herein are under intense development. One product, based on recombinant hemoglobin, is in early human trials as of this writing. Other hemoglobin-based solutions are also under review at the EDA. Replacement of red blood cells using massive amounts of protein, free in solution, is an unprecedented therapeutic adventure. 

Although early humans often inadvertently tapped into the kinetic energy of moving air or water to do things such as separate grain from chaff or float downstream, the deliberate use of kinetic energy to power machinery came only in the historical era. 

Schwanzel-Fukuda M., Crossin K. Pfafif D.W., Bouloux P.M., et al. (1996). Migration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in early human embryos. J Comp Neurol 366, 547-557. 

Hernandez-Lopez C, Varas A, Sacedon R, et al. Stromal cell-derived factor 1/ CXCR4 signaling is critical for early human T-cell development. Blood... 

Carbon has been known as charcoal since early human history. It was identified as an element by Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) and Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794). 

It is possible, therefore, that early humans may have accidentally made this type of dish when making fire to warm themselves or for cooking. Could such accidentally fired objects have given prehistoric humans the idea of modeling clay by hand and then firing it into pottery Any such hypothesis... 

Schell LM State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY To identify the maternal characteristics which determine fetal exposure to lead and to identify the effects of pre- and postnatal lead exposure on early human development National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences... 

Haynes, B.F., et al. Early events in human T cell ontogeny. Phenotypic characterization and immunohistologic localization of T cell precursors in early human fetal tissues, J. Exp. M.d., 168, 1061, 1988. 

Haynes, B.F. and Heinly, C.S. Early human T cell development analysis of the human thymus at the time of initial entry of hematopoietic stem cells into the fetal thymic microenvironment, J. Exp. Med., 181, 1445, 1995. 

Hafstrom, M. and Kjellmer, I. (2000) Non-nutritive sucking in the healthy pre-term infant. Early Human Dev. 60, 13-24. 

Mizuno, K. and Ueda, A. (2004) Antenatal olfactory learning influences infant feeding. Early Human Dev. 76, 83-90. 

Nyqvist, K.H., Sjoden, P.-O. and Ewald, U. (1999) The development of preterm infants breastfeeding behavior. Early Human Dev. 55, 247-264. 

The following passage examines the possibility that early humans used toothpicks. 

It seems that our early human ancestors may have used grass, which (20) was easily found and ready to use, to floss between their teeth. As Hlusko suggests in the journal Current Anthropology, Toothpicking with grass stalks probably represents the most persistent habit documented in human evolution. ... 

K. Sakatani, S. Chen, W. Lichty, H. Zuo, and Y. P. Wang. Cerebral blood oxygenation changes induced by auditory stimulation in newborn infants measure by near infrared spectroscopy. Early Human Development, 55 229-236, 1999. 

The AAR dating of early human bone in North America certainly illustrates this statement ... 

Nissen, E., Uvnas-Moberg, K., Svensson, K., Stock, S, Widstrom, A. M., and Winberg, J. 1996. Different patterns of oxytocin, prolactin but not cortisol release during breast feeding in women delivered by caesarean section or by the vaginal route. Early Human Development, in press. 

S.S. Siu, M.T. Chan, and T.K. Lau. Placental transfer of ondansetron during early human pregnancy. Clin Pharmacokinet. 45 419-423 (2006). 

Sarapa, N., Early human microdosing to reduce attrition in clinical drug development, Am. Pharm. Outsourcing, 4, 42-46, 2003. 

The following are some snapshot examples of how drugs were discovered from the early human civilizations. 

Lidstrom C, Matthiesen L, Berg G, Sharma S, Ernerudh J, Ekerfelt C Cytokine secretion patterns of NK cells and macrophages in early human pregnancy decidua and blood implications for suppressor macrophages in decidua. Am J Reprod Immunol 2003 50 444-452. 

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