Peritonitis peritoneal inflammation

Zagorski, J. and Wahl, S. M. (1997) Inhibition of acute peritoneal inflammation in rats by a cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant receptor antagonist. J. Immunol. 159, 1059-1062. 

Peritoneal inflammation or irritation can initiate ileus, partly through spinal reflexes (Sjoqvist et al 1985). Afferent fibers from peritoneal surfaces terminate in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, where they can activate inhibitory sympathetic fibers or synapse directly onto sympathetic ganglia. The efferent limb of the reflex expresses... 

CCR2 Severely reduced monocyte recruitment in peritoneal inflammation model. Reduced THl responses. Increased susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes. Decreased atherogenesis... 

Mercer-Jones MA, Shrotri MS, Peyton JC, Remick DG, Cheadle WG Neutrophil sequestration in liver and lung is differentially regulated by C-X-C chemokines during experimental peritonitis. Inflammation 1999 23 305. 

FI) male mice and divided them into two groups. One group was injected i.p. with zymosan to induce peritoneal inflammation and the other simultaneously with antalarmin, a CRH-1 receptor antagonist, to block hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. After 24 h of injection the mice were killed by CO2 asphyxia, and the peritoneal leukocytes (PTLs) isolated and counted. Additionally, the levels of ROS and COX activity were detected in PTLs by fluorometric and colorimetric assays, respectively. The result was that TTO inhalation led to a strong anti-inflammatory effect on the immune system stimulated by zymosan injection, whereas PTL number, ROS level, and COX activity in mice without inflammation were not affected. The HPA axis was shown to play an important role in the anti-inflammatory effect of TTO and antalarmin was observed to abolish the influence of inhaled TTO on PTL number and their ROS expression in mice with experimental peritonitis. In mice without inflammation these parameters were not affected. 

The cyclopeptide 22 (PMX-53, 3D53) was described to be a reeeptor selective C5a antagonist, stable to peptide degradation in blood or gastrie fluid and orally active.PMX-53 was assessed in several pre-clinical efficacy models of monoarticular arthritis, LPS-induced neutropenia, ulcerative colitis, dermal and peritoneal inflammation, and assorted... 

Galectin-3 mRNA was detected in mouse eosinophils (27). Disruption of galectin-3 gene in mice has been shown to reduce macrophage-mediated peritoneal inflammation and seems to be involved in chemoattraction of monocytes and macrophages (32). 

Intratracheal instillation 60 d Peritoneal macrophages dose-depen-dent, agglomeration-dependent inflammation (TNF-a up-regulation) [68]... 

In an important study, Kirton et al. [5] engineered a mouse-human chimeric antibody and demonstrated that this was able to reduce leukocyte migration in various in vitro and in vivo mouse models. In particular, leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity was reduced by 40% in the thioglycollate inflammation model using mice expressing human SSAO/VAP-1 protein. The Finnish company Biotie Therapies Corporation, is in clinical development with an antibody to VAP-1 [54],... 

Ui) Bacterial translocation from colon due to hypoxic damage Reperfusion damage to the colonocytes can impair the physical barrier between the contents of the colon and the blood. This leads to translocation of bacteria (some of which are pathogens (e.g. E. coli)), or lipopoly-saccharide (endotoxin) into the peritoneal cavity and evenmaUy into the bloodstream. Activation of the gut-associated immune system results in local inflammation which can also damage the barrier and hence increase bacterial translocation. This sets up a vicious circle, with the development of peritonitis and possible systemic sepsis (Figure 18.6). 

Adverse reactions may include renal impairment hearing loss neutropenia vertigo dizziness anaphylaxis drug fever nausea chills eosinophilia rashes hypotension wheezing dyspnea urticaria inflammation at injection site Red Man (or Redneck) syndrome chemical peritonitis has been reported following intraperitoneal... 

Drug concentrations in pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor approach two-thirds of the serum concentration when local inflammation is present. Meningeal and am-niotic fluid penetration, with or without local inflammation, is uniformly poor. Measurement of serum, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid drug levels has not been used clinically. 

A 54-year-old woman and a 62-year-old man with catheter blockages both developed aseptic peritonitis (166). In both cases clots had earlier been removed by laparoscopy, which also showed diffuse thickening around the tip and in the peritoneal fat, with fluid accumulation or inflammation and whitish urticarialike plaques. The tissue was granulomatous, with histiocytes, fibrosis, and pseudo-amyloid material that could not be labeled by anti-insulin antibodies. The peritoneal fluid contained a lot of fibrin, monocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages, but no bacteria or cancer cells. 

Arachidonic acid released from membrane phospholipids or other sources is metabolized by the LO pathway to the smooth muscle contractile and vasoactive leukotrienes (LT), LTC4, and LTD4, as well as to the potent chemoattractant LTB4. These molecules are intimately involved in inflammation, asthma, and allergy, as well as in other multiple physiological and pathological processes. For example, cirsiliol (3, 4, 5-trihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone) proved to be a potent inhibitor of 5-LO (IC50, 0.1 pM) derived from basophilic leukemia cells and peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes. 

Finally, routine animal models for inflammatory diseases can be used for testing the in vivo efficacy of selectin antagonists the murine peritonitis model and the ear edema model are the most common. In the murine peritonitis model [200], the migration of leukocytes in response to an acute inflammatory stimulus is assessed by intraperitoneal injection of thioglycolate. In the arachidonic acid- or croton oil-induced ear edema model [131,201], inflammation is measured as neutrophil infiltration, represented by myeloperoxidase activity in ear biopsy samples. 

Rat peritoneal mast cells Inflammation mediator release Yes (surfactant)... 

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