Fluid accumulation

High-pressure fluid flows into the low-pressure shell (or tube chaimel if the low-pressure fluid is on the tubeside). The low-pressure volume is represented by differential equations that determine the accumulation of high-pressure fluid within the shell or tube channel. The model determines the pressure inside the shell (or tube channel) based on the accumulation of high-pressure fluid and remaining low pressure fluid. The surrounding low-pressure system model simulates the flow/pressure relationship in the same manner used in water hammer analysis. Low-pressure fluid accumulation, fluid compressibility and pipe expansion are represented by pipe segment symbols. If a relief valve is present, the model must include the spring force and the disk mass inertia. 

As observed by Celus, a Roman physician during the first century A.D., the four cardinal signs characterize inflammation swelling, redness, heat, and pain. Swelling/edema occurs in response to the accumulation of fluids from damaged capillaries following injury. Increased fluid accumulation leads to increase capillary permeability. Histamine, produced and released by resident mast cells, also... 

H, MATSUURA D, MIYAKE M, UENO M, TAKAI I, YAMAMOTO T, KUBO M, MOSS J, NODA M (2002) Identification in traditional herbal medications and confirmation by synthesis of factors that inhibit cholera toxin-induced fluid accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99 3042-6. 

In obese patients or those with only small amounts of fluid accumulation, ultrasound evaluation may be necessary to detect ascites with certainty. 

Evaluate effectiveness of diuretic therapy with regard to ascitic fluid accumulation and development of peripheral edema. Ask the patient directed questions about abdominal girth, fullness, tenderness, and pain. Weigh the patient at each visit, and ask the patient to keep a weight diary. Assess for peripheral edema at each visit. 

The degree of abdominal swelling secondary to fluid accumulation may present like "pregnant abdomen" with irregular vaginal bleeding. 

This 67-year-old patient was optimally debulked and completed six cycles of paclitaxel/carboplatin after her surgery. HerCA-125 normalized (12 U/mL, 12 kU/L) on completion of her chemotherapy treatment, and her CT scan was negative. This patient returns to your clinic for her first 3-month follow-up appointment. Her CA-125 is (45 U/mL, 45 kU/L), and she reports some mild bloating. CT scan report states mild fluid accumulation in the pelvic cavity. 

The mainstay of treatment for established SOS is supportive care aimed at sodium restriction, increasing intravascular volume, decreasing extracellular fluid accumulation, and minimizing factors that contribute to or exacerbate hepatotoxicity and encephalopathy. Defibrotide has shown promising results in the treatment of SOS.44... 

Thoracentesis Removal of fluid present in the pleural space a common procedure to determine the cause of fluid accumulation. 

Four general conditions can lead to edema formation, or excess fluid accumulation in the tissue ... 

A decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins causes a decrease in the plasma colloid osmotic pressure. As a result, filtration is increased, reabsorption is decreased, and fluid accumulates in the tissue. Most plasma proteins are made in the liver therefore, a decrease in protein synthesis due to liver failure is an important cause of this condition. Malnutrition may also impair protein synthesis. Finally, kidney disease leading to proteinuria (protein loss in the urine) decreases the concentration of plasma proteins. 

V. cholerae B subunits of the cholera toxin (CTB) Potato Receptor-binding activity. Immunogenic in mice when delivered orally. Mice challenged intraileally with CT showed up to 60% reduction in diarrheal fluid accumulation in small intestines. 117, 118... 

This material is hazardous through inhalation and ingestion. Symptoms from ingestions include diarrhea (may be bloody), dysentery, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Symptoms from inhalation are not fully documented but may result in breathing difficulty due to fluid accumulation in the lungs. 

Most clinicians agree that crystalloids should be the initial therapy of circulatory insufficiency. Crystalloids are preferred over colloids as initial therapy for burn patients because they are less likely to cause interstitial fluid accumulation. If volume resuscitation is suboptimal following several liters of crystalloid, colloids should be considered. Some patients may require blood products to assure maintenance of 02-carrying capacity, as well as clotting factors and platelets for blood hemostasis. 

Drug therapy optimization in ARF is a challenge. Confounding variables include residual drug clearance, fluid accumulation, and use of RRTs. 

Fluid accumulation in lungs Acute respiratory distress Respiratory failure Low blood pressure Septic shock Death... 

The pulmonary lymphatic system contributes to the clearance of fluid and protein from the lung tissue interstitium and helps to prevent fluid accumulation in the lungs [108], The lymphatic endothelium allows micron-sized particles (e.g. lipoproteins, plasma proteins, bacteria and immune cells) to pass freely into the lymph fluid [103], After administration of aerosolised ultrafine particles into rats, particles were found in the alveolar walls and in pulmonary lymph nodes [135], which suggests that drainage into the lymph may contribute to the air-to-blood transport of the inhaled particles. 

Baumler, A. J., TsoUs, R. M., Bowe, F. A., Kusters, J. G., Hoffmann, S., and Heffron, F. (1996a). The pef flmbrial operon of Salmonella typhimurium mediates adhesion to murine small intestine and is necessary for fluid accumulation in the infant mouse. Infect. Immun. 64, 61-68. 

The role of C2 toxin in disease is not clear because all C. botulinum strains that produce C2 toxin also synthesize extremely potent neurotoxins, the effector molecules of botulism. When Simpson compared the pharmacological properties of C. botulinum neurotoxin type Cl with C2 toxin in detail, it became obvious that C2 toxin does not cause the flaccid paralysis symptoms attributed to classic botulism. However, isolated C2 toxin is a potent enterotoxin that proves lethal in various animals 2 pmol of C2 toxin readily kill mice, rats, guinea pigs, and chickens within 1 h after application. For mice, the LD50 (i.v.) of C2 toxin is less than 50 ftnol. Ohishi and Odagiri also reported that C2 toxin causes necrotic, hemorrhagic lesions in the intestinal wall, whereas Simpson reported that C2 toxin elicits hypotension as well as fluid accumulation in the lungs. ... 

The pleura are connective tissue membranes composed of matrix, mesotheli-al cells, and fibroblasts. There are two types of pleural responses benign responses, such as thickening of the matrix, formation of plaques (which may calcify) or effusions, and fluid accumulation in the interpleural spaces between the visceral and parietal pleurae and neoplastic disease, or the malignancy known as mesothelioma. 

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