Peritoneal leukocytes

Liao and cols.,[36] published that different PPGs, as, angoroside A, calceolarioside, capnoepside, echinacoside, forsythoside, and verbascoside, do not inhibit to COX or 5-LOX on rat peritoneal leukocytes at 50 pg/mL. 

Naruyima, S., Salmon. J.A., Cottee. F.H..Weatherley, B.C., and Flower, R.J. (1981) Arachidonic Acid 15-Lipoxygenase from Rabbit Peritoneal Leukocytes. Partial Pinification and Properties, J. Biol. Chem. 256,9583-9592. 

FI) male mice and divided them into two groups. One group was injected i.p. with zymosan to induce peritoneal inflammation and the other simultaneously with antalarmin, a CRH-1 receptor antagonist, to block hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. After 24 h of injection the mice were killed by CO2 asphyxia, and the peritoneal leukocytes (PTLs) isolated and counted. Additionally, the levels of ROS and COX activity were detected in PTLs by fluorometric and colorimetric assays, respectively. The result was that TTO inhalation led to a strong anti-inflammatory effect on the immune system stimulated by zymosan injection, whereas PTL number, ROS level, and COX activity in mice without inflammation were not affected. The HPA axis was shown to play an important role in the anti-inflammatory effect of TTO and antalarmin was observed to abolish the influence of inhaled TTO on PTL number and their ROS expression in mice with experimental peritonitis. In mice without inflammation these parameters were not affected. 

Rosmarinic acid has been found to have anti-inflammatory activity (Sahu et al., 1999). Some anti-inflammatory activity may also be attributed to camosol, which was found to inhibit cyclooxygenase in rat peritoneal leukocytes (Laughton et al., 1991). Anti-ulcerogenic activity also was found in rats given 70% alcohol extracts of rosemary (Dias et al, 2000). The anti-ulcerogenic activity was not due to an inhibition of prostaglandin production, but was related to an increase in the content of mucosal non-protein sulfhydryl groups. 

In an important study, Kirton et al. [5] engineered a mouse-human chimeric antibody and demonstrated that this was able to reduce leukocyte migration in various in vitro and in vivo mouse models. In particular, leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity was reduced by 40% in the thioglycollate inflammation model using mice expressing human SSAO/VAP-1 protein. The Finnish company Biotie Therapies Corporation, is in clinical development with an antibody to VAP-1 [54],... 

Hydroxamic acids have been extensively investigated at Abbott, where a hypothetical binding site hypothesis was based on examination of many simple Gj-aralkylhydroxamic acids [294]. Several series of conjugated hydroxamic acids were explored based on this hypothesis, yielding potent 5-LO inhibitors (0.02-2 //M) exemplified by (116)-(119). The most potent of these (119) also inhibited purified porcine leukocyte 5-LO (0.5 //M) [202]. As other workers have found, A-methylation was beneficial for potency. Activity was also seen in a rat peritoneal anaphylaxis model following i.p. (0.2 mg/kg), but not oral, dosing [47]. 

Catecholamines Muscle, liver, spleen, kidney, brain pineal gland, adipose, pancreatic islets, erythrocytes, leukocytes, thymocytes, fat cell, lung fibroblasts, parotid gland, endothelium, peritoneal macrophages... 

Next, 15-LOX oxidizes both 15-HPETE and 5-HPETE to LTA4 (Figure 26.4). Rat peritoneal monocytes and human leukocytes are also able to oxidize AA into the dihydroxy derivative, 5(S), 15(,V)-dihydroxy-6,l 3-/ran.v-8,11 -c/.v-cicosatctracnoic acid (5,15-DiHETE). It has been shown [18] that 5,15-DiHETE was formed by a double oxidation of AA catalyzed by both 5-LOX and 15-LOX lipoxygenases (Figure 26.5). It is interesting that the... 

Arachidonic acid released from membrane phospholipids or other sources is metabolized by the LO pathway to the smooth muscle contractile and vasoactive leukotrienes (LT), LTC4, and LTD4, as well as to the potent chemoattractant LTB4. These molecules are intimately involved in inflammation, asthma, and allergy, as well as in other multiple physiological and pathological processes. For example, cirsiliol (3, 4, 5-trihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone) proved to be a potent inhibitor of 5-LO (IC50, 0.1 pM) derived from basophilic leukemia cells and peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes. 

LI. Laderach, D., Bach, J. F., and Koutouzov, S., Nucleosomes inhibit phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes by peritoneal macrophages from MRL+/+ lupus-prone mice. J. Leukocyte Biol. 64,... 

In Hoult s report, sixteen natural and synthetic coumarins were evaluated in rat peritoneal exudate leukocytes for the impact on production of throboxane B2 and leukotriene B4. (Table 4.) Four coumarins exhibited... 

Total and differential cell counts are performed on whole blood, BAL, and peritoneal fluid in order to characterize changes in leukocyte numbers in these biological fluids. 

Differential cell counts of the BAL and peritoneal fluids are performed on cytospin-prepared slides. Differential counts of leukocytes in peripheral blood are performed on blood smears. The slides are stained with Diff-Quik (American Scientific Products, McGaw Park, IL) and at least 200 cells are counted per sample to determine the percent of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and other cells. 

Cell count The second important criterion of SBP is deemed to be a higher cell count (>250 polymorphonuclear neutrophils/mm ). As a result, early diagnosis is possible with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 95%. A higher leukocyte count in ascitic fluid does not correlate with peripheral leukocytosis (or vice versa). Mechanical assessment of the cell count, however, also identifies lymphocytes, serosal surface cells and peritoneal macrophages. For this reason, it is imperative to distinguish the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (and possibly the number of mononuclear forms) in the ascitic fluid smear. (71, 75, 79,102,106)... 

Peritoneal exudates, containing large numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, may be produced in rabbits by the intraperitoneal injection of 200 ml of 0.1% glycogen (C7). Leukocytes from the exudate were withdrawn 4 hours later, washed once in cold 0.34 M sucrose, and... 

Grimbert P, Deray G, Lebon P, Faucher C, Malingre P, Raymond F, Petitclerc T, and Jacobs C. Pharmacokinetics of recombinant leukocyte interferon in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Nephrol, 1995,15 175(2). 

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