Urothelial cells

Ma, Q., et al., GSTP1 A1578G (Ilel05Val) polymorphism in benzidine-exposed workers an association with cytological grading of exfoliated urothelial cells, Pharmacogenetics, 13, 409, 2003. 

In genotoxic assays inorganic arsenicals are either inactive or weak mutagens but are able to produce chromosomal effects including aberrations and sister chromatid exchange in most test systems. Studies of exposed human have detected higher incidences of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes and increases in the frequency of micronuclei in the oral mucosa cells, urothelial cells, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. ... 

Drobna, Z., Waters, S.B., Devesa, V. et al. (2005) Metabolism and toxicity of arsenic in human urothelial cells expressing rat arsenic (+3 oxidation state)-methyltransferase. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 207(2), 147-59. 

N. Rothman, G. Talaska, R. B. Hayes, V.K. Bhatnagar, D.A. Bell, V.M. Lakshmi, S.K. Kashyap, M. Dosemeci, R. Kashyap, F.F. Hsu, M. Jaeger, A. Hirvonen, D.J. Par-ikh, B.B. Davis, T.V. Zenser, Acidic Urine pH is Associated with Elevated Levels of Free Urinary Benzidine and IV-Acetylbenzidine and Urothelial Cell DNA Adducts in Exposed Workers , Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers Prev., 6,1039-1042 (1997). 

Activation of P-ARs by isoproterenol enhances the expression of COX-2 and iNOS in a human urothelial cell line (Harmon et al., 2005). Since activation of P-adrenoreceptors leads to an increase in cAMP and a subsequent PKA activation, the authors investigated whether the increase in these inflammatory markers was due to activation of this pathway. However, this increase is independent of PKA, since PKA inhibitors did not reduce the augmentation in COX-2 and iNOS expression. 

Harmon EB, Porter JM, Porter JE (2005) Beta-adrenergic receptor activation in immortalized human urothelial cells stimulates inflammatory responses by PKA-independent mechanisms. Cell Commun. Signal. 3 10. 

It has become increasingly apparent that a number of chemical substances canse adverse effects on one or more of the anatomical elements of the kidney. These include the glomerulus proximal, intermediate, and distal tubnles and mednllary, endothelial, and urothelial cells. While the proximal tubular cells have self-repairing ability, the same is not true with glomerular epithelium and the mednllary interstitial cells. Reports have indicated that cadmium and lead cause renal tnbnlar dysfnnction in animals and humans." Cell culture studies show that cadmium increases cell death. 

The two major cell types identified in the urine were urothelial cells (from the lining of the bladder) and mature squamous cells (from the distal end of the urethra). The presence or absence of glycogen in both cell types can be demonstrated spectroscopically. 

Normal human urine contains both squamous cells from the distal urethra, and urothelial cells from the Uning of the bladder. The former ceU type may be further subdivided into glycogen-containing and glycogen-free squamous cells. Here, we aim to establish that IR spectral methods, followed by multivariate data analysis, can distinguish between these cells types. Our ultimate intention is to establish this methodology as a low-cost, automated test for bladder cancer. 

Figure 5.3 Urine cytology, (a-c) Photomicrographs of glycogen-containing, glycogen-free squamous cells, and a urothelial cell, respectively (d) Vector-normalized IR spectra of cells shown in (a-c) (e) Second derivatives of spectra shown in (d).

Spectra recorded from urothelial cells display parhcularly large absorbance intensities (this is not clear from Figure 5.3d, as the data are vector-normalized). This type of cell can range in size from 10 to 30 pm [23, 24] and typically feature one or more large nuclei. It has been demonstrated that this observed intensity difference for urothelial cells is caused mainly by an increased ceU thickness (this point will be discussed in more detail in Section 5.3). 

Figure 5.8c shows a confocal depth profile of the same urothelial cell, taken along the red dashed line in Figure 5.8b. This profile indicates that the cell is much thicker (ca. 8 pm) than a squamous cell, which explains its much higher IR absorbance. The Raman mean cluster spectra observed for the different regions are...

Figure 5.8 (a) Brightfield image (40x) of a stained urothelial cell (b) Pseudocolor image, obtained from Raman hyperspectral data via HCA, of the cell shown In (a) ... 

Uroplakins (UPs) are urothelium-specific transmembrane proteins present in terminally differentiated superficial urothelial cells. Therefore expression of UPs is expected to diminish during urothelial tumorigen-esis. The majority of noninvasive and up to two thirds (66%) of advanced invasive and metastatic URCa have been shown to retain UP expression as assessed by UPIII immunohistochemistry. " Interestingly, in some of these studies loss of UPIII expression was associated with significantly worse prognosis even in patients... 

Bladder tumor antigen Urothelial cell carcinoma... 

The N -acetyl-dG-C8-Bz adduct was identified in exfoliated urothelial cells of workers in factories manufacturing Bz in India [5]. This finding supports the hypothesis that acetylation represents an activation step for at least one Bz-related adduct in humans, analogous to the pathway proposed for Bz activation in rodents [46]. 

Noguchi S, Yura Y, Sherwood ER, Kakinuma H, Kashihara N, Oyasu R (1990) Stimulation of stromal cell growth by normal rat urothelial cell-derived epidermal growth factor. Lab Invest 62 538-544... 

UDS Cultured human urothelial cells 0.005-0.05 pmol/l Positive Fliegeretal. (1998)... 

UDS Primary human urothelial cells 10-2000 nmol/l Positive Dorrenhaus et al. (2000)... 

As summarized previously by this Committee, there was no evidence of DNA repair as a result of possible DNA damage in bacteria, whereas DNA single-strand breaks were consistently induced in cultured mammalian cells and were also observed in vivo in spleen, liver and kidney cells of mice after intraperitoneal injection of ochratoxin A. DNA repair, manifested as unscheduled DNA synthesis, was observed in most studies with primary cultures of rat and mouse hepatocytes, porcine epithelial cells from bladder and human urothelial cells (Annex 1, reference 153). 

Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary human urothelial cells by the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Toxicol. Sci. 53, 271-277. 

Flieger, A., Dorrenhaus, A., Golka, K., Schulze, H. Fdllman, W. (1998) Genotoxic effect of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A in cultured human urothelial cells. Occup. Hyg. 4, 297-307. 

We have had encouraging results with several cell types osteocytes, chondrocytes, hepatocytes, as well as intestinal mucosal and urothelial cells. Although many of the issues associated with cell transplantation... 

E. Endothelial cells Urethelium, Intestinal Mucosa, and Tracheal Epithelium. Urothelial cells obtained from New Zealand White Rabbits and Fisher syngeneic rats have been seeded onto polyglycolic acid in vitro and implanted after 1-4 days into the omentum or mesentery of host animals(35). These cell-polymer constructs were either implanted as flat sheets, or as tutes rolled around silicone cores. 

After being implanted for up to 21 days, specimens were excised and evaluated. After 5 days, urothelial cells were seen randomly arranged... 

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