Perfume extraction

Spirit G (petroleum ether) 0.645 30-75 (approx.) Petroleum gas equipment, perfume extraction... 

Consider using antimicrobial essential oils or perfumes extracted from plants in place of proprietary preservatives to make products with natural protection claims. 

Uses Synthetic flavor and fragrance In foods and pharmaceuticals fragrance In cosmetics organic synthesis latent solvent Intermediate solvent for paints, lacquers, paint removers, cleaners, hydraulic fluids, pharmaceuticals fluorometric determinations llq. chromatography mfg. of Isobutyl esters for use In solvents, plasticizers, flavors, and perfumes extraction agent for phosphoric acid purification In food-pkg. adhesives defoamer In food-contact coatings and paper/paperboard In food-contact textiles Features Fruity flavor... 

The absolute is used as a fixative and fragrance component in perfumes. The essential oil is also used as a fragrance ingredient in perfumes. Extracts have also been reported useful... 

Example 8.5-3 Perfume extraction Jasmone (CnHisO) is a valuable material in the perfume industry, used in many soaps and cosmetics. Suppose we are recovering this... 

CH3 CH0H CH20H, a colourless, almost odourless liquid. It has a sweet taste, but is more acrid than ethylene glycol b.p. 187. Manufactured by heating propylene chlorohydrin with a solution of NaHCO under pressure. It closely resembles dihydroxyethane in its properties, but is less toxic. Forms mono-and di-esters and ethers. Used as an anti-freeze and in the preparation of perfumes and flavouring extracts, as a solvent and in... 

Other uses include use as a reaction and extraction solvent in pharmaceutical production as an intermediate for the preparation of catalysts, antioxidants (qv), and perfumes and as a feedstock in the production of methyl isopropenyl ketone, 2,3-butanedione, and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide. Concern has also arisen at the large volume of exported MEK which has been covertly diverted and used to process cocaine in Latin American countries... 

Pommade. These are botanical extracts prepared by the enfleurage method wherein flower petals are placed on a layer of fat which extracts the essential oil. This method is appHed to low odored flowers, which do not yield appreciable oil on steam or water distillation, or flowers of valuable but dehcate odor (such as jasmin), which are destroyed on such treatment. Pommades, as such, are seldom used by the industry at present (ca 1995), but are further processed to provide more concentrated extracts such as absolutes. Absolutes, being alcohol-soluble, are much more convenient forms for the perfumer. 

Jasmin. "If the rose is the queen of flowers, the jasmin is the fairest and prettiest priacess. The two together reign supreme ia the world of flowers as well as ia the world of perfume" (12). As ia the case of rose, jasmin has been the subject of many iavestigations, and mote than 95 compounds have been identified to date ia extracts of Jasminum officinale L. vat. grandijlorum, the source of commercial jasmin ok, concrete, and absolute. The principal components ate shown ia Table 3 (13). 

Natural Products. Various methods have been and continue to be employed to obtain useful materials from various parts of plants. Essences from plants are obtained by distillation (often with steam), direct expression (pressing), collection of exudates, enfleurage (extraction with fats or oils), and solvent extraction. Solvents used include typical chemical solvents such as alcohols and hydrocarbons. Liquid (supercritical) carbon dioxide has come into commercial use in the 1990s as an extractant to produce perfume materials. The principal forms of natural perfume ingredients are defined as follows the methods used to prepare them are described in somewhat general terms because they vary for each product and suppHer. This is a part of the industry that is governed as much by art as by science. 

Concretes and absolutes, both obtained by total extraction of the plant material and not subject to any form of distillation other than solvent removal, are complex mixtures containing many chemical types over wide molecular weight ranges. In some cases, gas chromatographic analysis shows httle volatile material. Yet these products have powerful odors and contribute in important ways to the perfumes in which they are used. 

Ced rwood. Many varieties of cedarwood oil are obtained from different parts of the world. They are produced mainly by steam distillation of chipped heartwood, but some are also produced by solvent extraction. The oils, which vary significantly ia chemical composition, are used ia perfumes as such, but the main uses are as distillation fractions and chemical derivatives. For the latter purposes the most used oils, which are similar ia composition, are from Texas ia the United States (Juniperus mexicand) and from China Cupressusfunebris). The principal constituents of these oils are cedrene [11028-42-5] (4), thujopsene [470-40-6] (5), and cedrol [77-53-2] (6). The first two of these are obtained together by distillation and used mostiy ia the form of acetylated derivatives. Cedrol is used as such and, to a greater extent, as its acetate ester. 

Jasmine. Jasmine is one of the most precious florals used ia perfumery. The concrete of jasmine is produced by hydrocarbon extraction of flowers from Jasminum officinale (var. GrandijJorum). The concrete is then converted to absolute by alcohoHc extraction. It is produced ia many countries, the most important of which is India, followed by Egypt. Jasmine products are rather expensive and are produced ia relatively small amounts compared with other materials. However, jasmine is particularly important ia perfume creation for its great power and aesthetic quaUties. Eour of the principal odor contributors to jasmine are OT-jasmone [488-10-8] (14), methyl jasmonate [91905-974-] (15), benzyl acetate [140-11 ], and iudole [120-72-9] (16). 

Orange Flower. Extraction of freshly picked flowers of the bitter orange tree, dims aurantium (subspecies amard) for the production of concrete is carried out mainly ia Morocco and Tunisia. Most of this material is processed further to give orange flower absolute, one of the most important absolutes used ia perfumes after rose and jasmine. It is highly valued ia perfumery, even when used at low levels, for its long-lasting, rich, warm, yet dehcate and fresh floralcy. The material is a complex mixture, to which methyl anthranilate [134-20-3] linalool (3), methyl jasmonate (15), and iadole (16) are important odor contributors. 

The sesquiterpenes found in essential oils have low volatilities compared with monoterpenes and so are isolated mainly by steam distillation or extraction, but some are also isolated by distillation or crystallization. Most of the sesquiterpene alcohols are heavy viscous Hquids and many crystallize when they are of high enough purity. Sesquiterpene alcohols are important in perfume bases for their odor value and their fixative properties as well. They are valuable as carriers of woody, balsamic, or heavy oriental perfume notes. 

In addition, vanillin was among the three or four aroma chemicals that helped perfumers of the past to imagine a new generation of fragrance combinations. The work done in organic chemistry by chemical companies has helped perfumers who had been restrained in their creation by the avadabihty of raw materials, which include natural oils and extracts made by the enfleurage process, ie, the property of perfumes to stick on fat and greases. Those extracts were weak, flat, and unpleasant. 

Dichloroethylene can be used as a low temperature extraction solvent for organic materials such as dyes, perfumes, lacquers, and thermoplastics (13—15). It is also used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of other chlorinated solvents and compounds (2). 

Astringents are designed to dry the skin, denature skin proteins, and tighten or reduce the size of pore openings on the skin surface. These products can have antimicrobial effects and are frequendy buffered to lower the pH of skin. They are perfumed, hydro-alcohoHc solutions of weak acids, such as tannic acid or potassium alum, and various plant extracts, such as bitch leaf extract. The alcohol is not only a suitable solvent but also helps remove excess sebum and soil from the skin. After-shave lotions generally function as astringents. 

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been widely used to the extraction processes in pharmaceutical industries. Besides application of SFE in phannaceuticals, it has been applied on a wide spectmm of natural products and food industries such as natural pesticides, antioxidants, vegetable oil, flavors, perfumes and etc [1-2]. 

The commercial product, as put on to the market, was originally a 10 per cent, solution of ionone in alcohol. This was due not only to the expensive nature of the product, but also to the fact that its odour is very intense, and when pure, not like that of violets. Ten grams of this solution are sufficient to produce 1 kilo of triple extract of violets when diluted with pure spirit. But to-day 100 per cent, violet perfumes, such as the violettone, above mentioned, are regular commercial articles. The perfume is improved both lor extracts and soaps by the addition of a little orris oil, but in the author s opinion the odour of ionone is not nearly so delicate as that of the natural violet, although far more powerful. 

It has been known for centuries that codistillation of many plant materials with steam produces a fragrant mixture of liquids called essential oils. For hundreds of years, such plant extracts have been used as medicines, spices, and perfumes. The investigation of essential oils also played a major role in the emergence of organic chemistry as a science during the 19th century. 

The dense fluid that exists above the critical temperature and pressure of a substance is called a supercritical fluid. It may be so dense that, although it is formally a gas, it is as dense as a liquid phase and can act as a solvent for liquids and solids. Supercritical carbon dioxide, for instance, can dissolve organic compounds. It is used to remove caffeine from coffee beans, to separate drugs from biological fluids for later analysis, and to extract perfumes from flowers and phytochemicals from herbs. The use of supercritical carbon dioxide avoids contamination with potentially harmful solvents and allows rapid extraction on account of the high mobility of the molecules through the fluid. Supercritical hydrocarbons are used to dissolve coal and separate it from ash, and they have been proposed for extracting oil from oil-rich tar sands. 

Most of the impact is created by providing the materials contained in the product. This includes production of waste and consumption of energy in producing the raw materials. Typical high impact materials would include rare metals, natural extracts such as perfume ingredients, and energy intensive materials such as bricks and concrete. Electronic and electrical equipment are typical of products in this category. 

These can be the natural material itself one example would be pieces of vanilla pod or an extract, e.g. vanilla extract. Extracts can be prepared in several ways. One is to distil or to steam distil the material of interest. Another is to extract the raw material with a solvent, e.g. ethyl alcohol. Alternatively, some materials are extracted by coating the leaves of a plant with cocoa butter and allowing the material of interest to migrate into the cocoa butter. These techniques are also used in preparing perfumery ingredients, indeed materials like orange oil are used in both flavours and perfumes. 

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