Perfluorooctanoate

ECF is successfully used on a commercial scale to produce certain perfluoroacyl fluorides, perfluoroalkylsulfonyl fluorides, perfluoroalkyl ethers, and perfluoroalkylamines. The perfluoroacyl fluorides and perfluoroalkylsulfonyl fluorides can be hydrolyzed to form the corresponding acid and acid derivatives. Examples include perfluorooctanoyl fluoride [335-66-0] perfluorooctanoic acid [335-67-1] perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride [307-35-7] perfluorooctanesulfonic acid [763-23-1] and tris(perfluoro- -butyl)amine [311-89-7]. 

The electrofluorinated organics of principal industrial importance are perfluorooctanoic acid [335-67-1/, CE2(CE2)gCOOH, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid [1763-23-1/, CE2(CE2)yS02H. Typical conditions for preparation of the latter compound involve batch electrolysis of a 10 wt... 

AMMO 2.5 EC , cypermetlu-in, 13 Ammonia, 13 Ammonium acetate, 13 Ammonium arsenate, 13 Ammonium benzoate, 13 Ammonium bicarbonate, 13 Ammonium bifluoride, 14 Ammonium bisulfite, 14 Ammonium carbamate, 14 Ammonium carbonate, 14 Ammonium chloride, 14 Ammonium chlorplatmate, 14 Ammonium clu omate, 14 Ammonium citrate, 14 Ammonium diclu omate, 14 Ammonium fluoride, 14 Ammonium fomiate, 15 Ammonium hexafluorosilicate, 15 Ammonium hydroxide, 15 Ammonium metavanadate, 15 Ammonium molybdate, 15 Ammonium nitrate, 15 Ammonium oxalate, 15 Ammonium perfluorooctanoate, 15 Ammonium persulfate, 15 Ammonium phosphate, 15 Ammonium picrate, 16 Ammonium salicylate, 16... 

Ammonium chloride fume Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium sulphamate Amosite, see Asbestos n-Amyl acetate sec-Amyi acetate Aniline and homologues " Anisidine (o>. p-isomers)... 

Hori H, E Hayakawa, H Einaga, S Kutsuna, K Koike, T Ibusuki, H Koatagawa, R Arakawa (2004a) Decomposition of environmentally persistent perfluorooctanoic acid in water by photochemical approaches. Environ Sci Technol 38 6118-6124. 

These considerations apply also to the fluorotelomer alcohol CF3(CF2)7-CH2CH20H that was degraded in a mixed cnltnre obtained by enrichment with ethanol. Terminal dehydrogenation followed by elimination of flnoride, hydration and further loss of fluoride produced perfluorooctanoate (Dinglasan et al. 2004). 

A number of useful reviews have appeared in the course of the last few years, and a number of chemicals, such as vitamin C, p-tetralone, hexafluoropropylene oxide, piperidine, glyoxalic acid, pinacol, p-hydroxypropiophenone, sebacic acid, p-anisaldehyde, maltol/ethyl maltol. Rose oxide, linalool, perfluorooctanoic acid, hydroquinone, etc., that are commercially made (or can be made) electrochemically have been catalogued. 

Several studies have suggested that some critical adverse effects like peroxisome proliferation, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicity may be associated with chemical exposure to PFCs, particularly to PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) and PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), two ubiquitous persistent organic pollutants with possible environmental and human health risks. 

Abdellatif AG, Preat V, Taper HS, Roberfroid M (1991) The modulation of rat liver carcinogenesis by perfluorooctanoic acid, a peroxisome proliferator. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 111(3) 530-537... 

Perfluorinated chemicals such as PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are usually restricted by brands and eco-labels. Furthermore, the EU regulates the content of PFOS in consumer products on the market. The use of PFOS and PFOA is also restricted by the Stockholm Convention on POPs although some exemptions exist. PFOS are still produced and used in several countries and can be used in the coating of leather. 

PFCs have been manufactured since 1940s. Because of their properties, these compounds are employed in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) have been two of the most used and studied PFCs, but due to their resistance to degradation, widespread in the environment, bioaccumulation and toxicological properties, these two compounds are limited in use and production practically worldwide. However,... 

Armitage J, Cousins IT, Buck RC, Prevedouros K, Russell MH, MacLeod M, Korzeniowski SH (2006) Modeling global-scale fate and transport of perfluorooctanoate emitted from direct sources. Environ Sci Technol 40 6969-6975... 

US EPA (2005) Draft Risk Assessment of the Potential Human Health Effects Associated With Exposure to Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Its Salts. EPA Science Advisory Board (SAB)... 

Block copolymer/low-MW-molecule complexes were also examined in organic solvents, as recently exemplified by the works of Jiang and coworkers [319,320]. These authors investigated mixtures of PS-P4VP copolymers with various low-MW molecules including perfluorooctanoic acid and formic acid. Such molecules are expected to form hydrogen-bonded complexes with 4VP units in organic solvents such as chloroform. This further resulted in the formation of vesicles. 

Petersson, P., Jornten-Karlsson, M., and Stalebro, M. (2003). Direct coupling of micellar electrokinetic chromatography to mass spectrometry using a volatile buffer system based on perfluorooctanoic acid and ammonia. Electrophoresis 24, 999—1007. 

Butenhoff, J. L., et al. (2004) Characterization of risk for general population exposure to perfluorooctanoate. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 36,363-380. 

The application of the activity of the surfactant has been examined also for the surface tension and adsorption of disodlum alkyl phosphate(6,7), sodium dodecyl sulfate(37), alkyl trimethylammonium bromide(35 ), and sodium perfluorooctanoate(13) solutions. These studies show that the surface tension and theadsorption amount are controlled by the activity of surfactant, irrespective of the added electrolyte concentration. 

Loos R, Wollgast J, Huber T, Hanke G (2007) Polar herbicides, pharmaceutical products, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and nonylphenol and its carboxylates and ethoxylates in surface and tap waters around Lake Maggiore in Northern Italy. Anal Bioanal Chem 387 1469-1478... 

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