Perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA

The transcribed genes code for the translated proteins that are expressed in response to the stressor and that elicit the response in the target tissue. Some of these proteins will be involved in cellular metabolism and will determine the metabolic profile from the stressed tissue and from the individual. Thus, the interplay between the stressor at the tissue level, the genetic makeup of the individual, the genes that are transcribed, and the proteins that are present determine the probability of a response and whether it progresses to an adverse effect. 

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Perfluorinated chemicals such as PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are usually restricted by brands and eco-labels. Furthermore, the EU regulates the content of PFOS in consumer products on the market. The use of PFOS and PFOA is also restricted by the Stockholm Convention on POPs although some exemptions exist. PFOS are still produced and used in several countries and can be used in the coating of leather. 

PFCs have been manufactured since 1940s. Because of their properties, these compounds are employed in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) have been two of the most used and studied PFCs, but due to their resistance to degradation, widespread in the environment, bioaccumulation and toxicological properties, these two compounds are limited in use and production practically worldwide. However,... 

The emerging pollutants also include perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesul-fonate (PFOS), used in the production of water-resistant coatings and polybrominated diphenylether (PBVDF) that find application in furniture, textiles, plastics, and paint industries. Due to their large industrial use, these chemicals are present profusely in the environment and also in the blood of people working in the fields [21]. 

Hatfield T (2001) Hydrolysis reactions of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). 3M Environmental Laboratory, St. Paul, MN, EPA Docket AR226-1030a090... 

Moriwaki, H., Takata, Y., Arakawa, R. (2003) Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PEGS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in vacuum cleaner dust collected in Japanese homes. J. Environ. Monk., 5 153-151. 

EPA (2003) Federal Register Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and fluorinated telomers. US EPA, Washington, DC (http //www.epa.gov/opptintr/pfoa/)... 

Another trend in the polymerization process is to reduce or completely remove surfactants based on perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which is suspected to be carcinogenic [6,7], Another approach is to use bifunctional fluorinated surfactants with molecular weights in the range 600-1000 [8],... 

Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), Pages 355-358, Cathy Villaroman and Ruth Custance SummaryPlus Full Text + Links PDF (82 K)... 

The hmited ehmination potential of ozone for MTBE can be catalytically enhanced. A possible catalyst is a perfluorinated aliunina bonded phase. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) may be used as catalyst. Kasprzyk-Hordern et al. [118] showed that the addition of this catalyst results in an increase in ehmination efficiency when treating MTBE and ETBE. hi that study, an aqueous extract of gasoline was used containing 20 mg/L of ETBE and 2.5 mg/L... 

Polytetrafluoroethylene has long been regarded as an essentially safe compound with no known health effects on humans or experimental animals. Recently, questions have been raised about possible health hazards of one of the compounds used in the manufacture of polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Some studies suggest that PFOA may be responsible for birth defects and the development of cancer in people who have been exposed to the chemical. Other studies show that 96 percent of the children tested in 23 states and the District of Columbia in 2001 had detectable levels of PFOA in their blood. Federal... 

Charlie Auer, former Director of the EPA s Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, made a presentation in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, on 30 October 2006 (Air and Waste Management Association) titled US Experience in Applying Informed Substitution as a Component of Risk Reduction and Alternative Analysis. In his presentation, Auer cited the use of highly fluorinated substances such as perfluorooctyl sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). He suggested that these substances... 

Johansson, N., Fredriksson, A., Eriksson, R, 2008. Neonatal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) causes neurobehavioural defects in adult mice. Neurotoxicology 29, 160-169. 

EPR has also been used to determine the nature of photoreactive oxygen-centered species. The heterogeneous photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by Ti02 under 254 nm UV Hght is one such study [45]. The addition of oxaHc acid as a hole scavenger has been found to significantly accelerate PFOA decomposition under nitrogen atmosphere. EPR measurements confirmed the existence of carboxyl anion radicals (C02 ) in the photocatalytic process as a result... 

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