Pentaerythritol stearate

J. Bartels, G. W. Beall, M. Grab, K. Jin, D. Speer, and J. Yarbrough. Intercalated clays from pentaerythritol stearate for use in polymer nanocomposites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 108 3 (2008), 1908-1916. 

Pentaerythritol stearate diester (-CH2)2C(CH20H)CH20C(0)(CH2) 16CH3 92092-01-8 510.72 30... 

Polymer compositions containing pentaerythritol are also used as secondary heat-, light-, and weather-resistant stabilizers with calcium, zinc, or barium salts, usually as the stearate, as the prime stabilizer. The polymers may be in plastic or fiber form (87—89). 

The basic metal salts and soaps tend to be less cosdy than the alkyl tin stabilizers for example, in the United States, the market price in 1993 for calcium stearate was about 1.30— 1.60, zinc stearate was 1.70— 2.00, and barium stearate was 2.40— 2.80/kg. Not all of the coadditives are necessary in every PVC compound. Typically, commercial mixed metal stabilizers contain most of the necessary coadditives and usually an epoxy compound and a phosphite are the only additional products that may be added by the processor. The requited costabilizers, however, significantly add to the stabilization costs. Typical phosphites, used in most flexible PVC formulations, are sold for 4.00— 7.50/kg. Typical antioxidants are bisphenol A, selling at 2.00/kg Nnonylphenol at 1.25/kg and BHT at 3.50/kg, respectively. Pricing for ESO is about 2.00— 2.50/kg. Polyols, such as pentaerythritol, used with the barium—cadmium systems, sells at 2.00, whereas the derivative dipentaerythritol costs over three times as much. The P-diketones and specialized dihydropyridines, which are powerful costabilizers for calcium—zinc and barium—zinc systems, are very cosdy. These additives are 10.00 and 20.00/kg, respectively, contributing significantly to the overall stabilizer costs. Hydrotalcites are sold for about 5.00— 7.00/kg. 

Hydrocortisone Cortril Aluminum stearate, beeswax, pentaerythritol cocoate, petrolatum, propylene glycol... 

For optical applications requiring extreme clarity it is desirable to minimize silver streaking, and yellowing. For example, Topas 5013 can be modified pentaerythritol tetrastearate, pentaerythritol distearate, or zinc stearate in order to improve the optical properties (59). These blends are suitable for high precision optical applications. 

Other ingredients that may be found in smokeless powders include camphor, carbazole, cresol, diethyleneglycoldinitrate (DEGDN), dimethylse-bacate, dinitrocresol, di-normal-propyl adipate, 2.4-dinitrodiphenylamine, PETN, TNT, RDX, acaroid resin, gum arabic, synthetic resins, aluminum, ammonium chlorate/oxalate/perchlorate, pentaerythritol dioleate, oxamide, lead carbonate/salicylate/stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium aluminum fluoride, sodium carbonate/bicarbonate, petrolatum, dioctylphthalate, stannic oxide, potassium cyrolate, triphenyl bismuth. 

An investigation was carried out to determine the synergetic effect of dimerised pentaerythritol esters, used as novel costabilisers with metal soap, a mixture of zinc and calcium stearates, as stabilisers for polyvinyl chloride to control undesirable discolouration when heated. 17 refs. JAPAN... 

Pentaerythritol was chosen as long-term costabiliser. During normal stabilisation conditions, the polyol enhanced the induction time to degradation but produced large amounts of polyenes. The use of the preheated mixture of metal soaps and preheated zinc stearate enhanced even more such times, while preheated calcium stearate reduced them. The same effect was seen with the... 

Pentastit. Trade name for Swiss military expls prepd by phlegmatizing PETN with pentaerythritol tetra-stearate (called pentaerythrit-tetrastearat in Ger). These expls were manufd by the Schweizerische Sprengstoff Fabrik AG at Dottikon, Switzerland The properties and compns of some Pentastit expls, with and without A1 are reported as follows ... 

Surfactants Polyoxyethylene stearate, Renex, Poloxamer 188, Texafor AIP, deoxycholic acid. Tweens, Spans Miscellaneous Pentaerythritol, pentaerythrityltetracetate, urea, urethane, hydroxyalkylxanthins. 

Polycondensation of dicarboxylic acids, polyols, and long-chain fatty acids yields so-called fatty acid complex esters, which are highly compatible PVC lubricants offering a good combination of release effect and transparency. Typical examples are glycerol adipate stearate or pentaerythritol adipate oleate. 

Complex esters like glycerol adipate stearate or pentaerythritol adipate oleate (Loxiol G 70 series) have been fully assessed by EFSA for the use in food-contact materials. These esters still function as lubricants but due to higher molecular weight migration from food-contact material to food is crmsiderably reduced. 

FIGURE 8.5 THM chromatogram of an architectural alkyd enamel. G3ME = glycerol trimethyl ether, P4ME = pentaerythritol tetramethyl ether, P3ME = pentaerythiitol trimethyl ether, DMOP = dimethyl orthophthalate, AZ = methyl azelate, C,5o = methyl palmitate, C,go = methyl stearate. 

FIGURE 8.6 TI1M chromatograms of two industrial finishes from a beverage can and an electrical appliance. 1 = methyl methacrylate, 2 = neopentylglycol dimethyl ether, 3 = neo-pentylglycol monomethyl ether, 4 = ethylhexyl alcohol, 5 = dimethyl adipate, 6 = methyl laurate, 7 = dimethyl orthophthalate, 8 = dimethyl isophthalate, 9 = methyl palmitate, 10 = methyl stearate, 11 = isobutanol, 12 = n-butanol, 13 = methyl benzoate, 14 = pentaerythritol trimethyl ether, 15 = N-methyl phthalimide. 

Pentaerythritol hydrogenated rosinate. See Pentaerythrityl hydrogenated rosinate Pentaerythritol monostearate. See Pentaerythrityl stearate... 

WorleeSin P 100 t[Worlee-Chemie http //www.worlee.cle], Worleetac A 15 [Worlee-Chemie http //www.worlee.de], Zonester 65 t [Ari zo na http //www. arizonachemical. com] Zonester 100 t[Arizona http //www. arizonachemical. com] Pentaerythrityl stearate CAS 85116-93-4 EINECS/ELINCS 285-547-5 Synonyms Octadecanoic acid, ester with 2,2-bis (hydroxymethyl)-l,3-propanediol Pentaerythritol monostearate Definition Ester of pentaerythritol and stearic acid Empiricai C23H46O5... 

PEG-5 stearate PEG-5 tallate PEG-8 tallate PEG-2 tallowamine PEG-7 tallowamine PEG-70 tallowamine Pentaerythritol Pentaerythrityl oleate Pentaerythrityl tetraoctanoate 1,1,1,3,3-Pentamethyl-3-acetoxydisi Ioxane... 

PEG-14 isostearate PEG-6 oleamine PEG-14 oleamine PEG-25 oleamine PEG-25 oleate PEG-60 oleate PEG-9 pelargonate PEG-20-PPG-10 glyceryl stearate PEG-12 sesquioleate PEG-13 soyamine bis-hydroxyethyl glycine/lPDI copolymer PEG-15 soyamine-N-ethyl ammonium ethyl sulfate/lPDI copolymer PEG-17 tallate PEG-2 tallowmonium chloride Pentaerythritol Phosphorus pentoxide Pine lignin PO-dimethylsiloxane-PO block copolymer Polydimethylsiloxane Polydimethylsiloxane, aminopropyl-terminated Polydimethylsiloxane, carbinol-terminated... 

Barium tallate overbase, 30 Barium bis(nonylphenate), 20 Zinc 2-ethylhexanoate, 15 Diphenyl decylphosphite, 30 Dibenzoylmethane, 5 Barium stearate, 25 Cadmium laurate, 50 Bisphenol A, 5 Pentaerythritol, 20 Zinc stearate, 15 Calcium stearate, 15 Tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite, 30 Epoxidized soya oil, 40... 

UVA 2-hydroxy-4-octyloxybenzophenone 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-p-cresol 2-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol 2-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetraethylbutyl)phenol 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-phenol 2-[4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-5-(octyloxy) phenol ethyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate HAS 1,3,5-tri-azine-2,4,6-triamine, N,N [1,2-ethane-diyl-bis[[[4,6-bis[butyl-(1,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl] imino]-3,1 -propanediyi] bis[N ,N -dibutyl-N ,N -bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)- bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piper-idyl) sebacate 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl stearate N,N -bisformyl-N,N -bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-hexamethylendiamine alkenes, C20-24-.alpha.-, polymers with maleic anhydride, reaction products with 2,2,6,6-tet-ramethyl-4-piperidinamine 1,6-hexanediamine, N, N -bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-, polymers with 2,4-di-ohloro-6-(4-morpholinyl)-1,3,5-triazine 1,6-hexanediamine, N,N -bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-, polymers with morpholine-2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine reaction products, methylated Phenolic antioxidants ethylene-bis(oxyethylene)-bis(3-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-m-tolyl)-propionate) 2,6,-di-tert-butyl-4-(4,6-bis(octylthio)-1,3,5,-triazine-2-ylamino) phenol pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate) 2-(1,1 -dimethylethyl)-6-[[3-(1,1 -dimethylethyl)-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl] methyl-4-methylphenyl acrylate isotridecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate 2,2 -ethylidenebis (4,6-di-tert-butylphenol) 2,2 -methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tertbutylphenol) 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyethyl)-4-hydroxy-benzenepropanoic acid, C13-15 alkyl esters phenol, 4-methyl-, reaction products with dicyclopen-tadiene and isobutene Phosphite trinonylphenol phosphite isodecyl diphenyl phosphite... 

Additives used in final products Fillers antimony trioxide, aramid, barium sulfate, boron nitride, calcinated kaolin, carbon black, carbon fiber, glass fiber, glass spheres, mica, montmorillonite, talc, titanium dioxide, zinc borate Antistatics antimony-doped tin oxide, carbon nanotubes, polyaniline, polyisonaphthalene Antiblocking calcium carbonate, diatomaceous earth, silicone fluid, spherical silicone resin, synthetic silica Release calcium stearate, fluorine compounds, glycerol bistearate, pentaerythritol ester, silane modified silica, zinc stearate Slip spherical silica, silicone oil ... 

Antiblocking calcium carbonate, diatomaceous earth, silicone fluid, spherical silicone resin, synthetic silica Release calcium stearate, fluorine compounds, glycerol bistearate, pentaerythritol ester, silane modified silica, zinc stearate Slip spherical silica, silicone oil... 

Adhesives butyl stearate, cetyl alcohol, emcamide, fatty acid salts of Al, Ca, K, Na and Zn, montan wax, oleamide, palmitamide, pentaerythritol tetrastearate, petroleum waxes, polyethylene oxidized, sorbitan monooleate, stearamide, stearic acid... 

Powder stabilizers described as lubricating are based on blends of stearates, originally barium and cadmium, or barium, cadmium, and zinc, but now mostly barium or calcium with zinc. Moderately lubricating powders are based on laurates rather than stearates. Minor amounts of calcium carbonate may be added to aid dispersion, or titanium dioxide for color improvement. At one time, Ba/Cd stabilizers contained a minor fraction of BPA as antioxidant Ca/Zn stabilizers used BHT, or BHT and a thiodipropionate secondary. These have been largely replaced in modern Ba/Zn and Ca/Zn stabilizers with more effective antioxidants (as described above). Powders often contain polyols such as pentaerythritol (PE200 ). These function as HCl... 

When mixed esters of polyols are prepared using, in part, a dibasic acid, the product is an ester lubricant that is a low polymer. This leads to a high order of resistance to extraction, bloom, or deposition. Pentaerythritol adipate-stearate is used in clear rigid PVC compounds as an efficient multifunctional lubricant, despite its relatively high cost. The corresponding adipate-oleate, a liquid, is more generally used in plasticized compounds in conjunction with mixed metal stabilizers, particularly if the latter are relatively nonlubricating. 

WaxUke ester lubricants are synthesized by esterification of montanic acid. A typical product is ethylene dimontanate, generally referred to as montanic acid ester. In the United States, this lubricant is used mainly in clear rigid PVC in high-end applications, in competition with pentaerythritol adipate-stearate. In these uses, it is known for high resistance to plateout. In Western Europe, products... 

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