Releaser effect

The Britter and McQuaid model is not appropriate for jets or two-phase plume releases. However, it would be appropriate at a minimal distance of 100 m from these types of releases since the initial release effect is usually minimal beyond these distances. 

Insulin-releasing effectiveness Reduced Retained (mostly)... 

Alkanesulfonates act as an external lubricant in PVC, polystyrene, and engineering thermoplastics. They have a good release effect and assist flow. Addition is in the concentration range between 0.1 and 2.0 parts per 100 parts resin (phr). Because of their low volatility, alkanesulfonates are also used as a processing aid for high-melting engineering thermoplastics. 

After an overview of neurotransmitter systems and function and a consideration of which substances can be classified as neurotransmitters, section A deals with their release, effects on neuronal excitability and receptor interaction. The synaptic physiology and pharmacology and possible brain function of each neurotransmitter is then covered in some detail (section B). Special attention is given to acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and the peptides but the purines, histamine, steroids and nitric oxide are not forgotten and there is a brief overview of appropriate basic pharmacology. 

Alternative mechanisms are equally likely. One possibility arises from evidence that activation of a2-adrenoceptors reduces Ca + influx this will have obvious effects on impulse-evoked exocytosis. In fact, the inhibition of release effected by a2-adrenoceptor agonists can be overcome by raising external Ca + concentration. Finally, an increase in K+ conductance has also been implicated this would hyperpolarise the nerve terminals and render them less likely to release transmitter on the arrival of a nerve impulse. Any, or all, of these processes could contribute to the feedback inhibition of transmitter release. Similar processes could explain the effects of activation of other types of auto-or heteroceptors. 

Substitution of hydrogen by methyl results in a slight rate increase as a result of the electron-releasing effect of the methyl group. A r-butyl substituent produces a large rate decrease because the steric effect is dominant. 

At the second stage of chlorine substitution in the tetramers there is a greater statistical probability for the incoming nucleophile to attack the phosphorus adjacent to =P(C1)(NHR), viz. P4 or P8, rather than the remote phosphorus, viz. P6 (Fig. 9). However, this statistical effect is countered by the electron releasing effect of the substituent already present on P2, which tends to deactivate P2 as well as P4 and P8 towards further nucleophilic substitution. It is observed that reactive amines such as dimethylamine (94) or ethylamine (95) react with N4P4C18 and... 

Vickroy, T.W., and Johnson, K.M. In vivo administration of phencyclidine inhibits 3H-dopamine accumulation by rat brain striatal slices. Subst Alcohol Actions Misuse 1 351-354, 1980. Vickroy, T.W.,and Johnson, K.M. Similar dopamine-releasing effects of phencyclidine and nonamphetamine stimulants in striatal slices. J. Pharmacol Fxp Ther 223 669-674, 1982. 

The USP usually does not specify an oil, but states that a suitable vegetable oil can be used. The main use of such oils is with the steroids, with which they yield products that produce a sustained-release effect. Sesame oil has also been used to obtain slow release of fluphenazine esters given intramuscularly [14], Excessive unsaturation of an oil can produce tissue irritation. The use of injections in oil has diminished... 

Nash, J.F. and Brodkin, J., Microdialysis studies on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced dopamine release effect of dopamine uptake inhibitors, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 259(2), 820-825, 1991. 

Fig. 5.6. Schematic diagram of estrogen (E2) actions on LH secretion in rat gonadotropes. Activation of nuclear ERa stimulates LH secretion (synthesis + release), whereas activation of nuclear ER/f modulates the effect of ERa on the synthesis, but not the release, of LH in a sort of ying-yang relationship. In addition, activation of putative membrane ERa by the cognate ligand would blunt the releasing effects of nuclear ERa activation by a potential, and as yet uncharacterized, cross-talk interaction...

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