Pentaerythritol adipate

The experimental reports on gel point determinations are scarce. The first reliable experiment was reported by Flory, who carried out this in 1941 in the polyesterification of a pentaerythritol - adipic acid mixture (R- A4+R-B2) (Fig. 17) in order to test his own theory. In 1945, the gelation of the same system was reinvestigated in a more systematic way by Wile [81] he observed that experimen-... 

Polycondensation of dicarboxylic acids, polyols, and long-chain fatty acids yields so-called fatty acid complex esters, which are highly compatible PVC lubricants offering a good combination of release effect and transparency. Typical examples are glycerol adipate stearate or pentaerythritol adipate oleate. 

Complex esters like glycerol adipate stearate or pentaerythritol adipate oleate (Loxiol G 70 series) have been fully assessed by EFSA for the use in food-contact materials. These esters still function as lubricants but due to higher molecular weight migration from food-contact material to food is crmsiderably reduced. 

When mixed esters of polyols are prepared using, in part, a dibasic acid, the product is an ester lubricant that is a low polymer. This leads to a high order of resistance to extraction, bloom, or deposition. Pentaerythritol adipate-stearate is used in clear rigid PVC compounds as an efficient multifunctional lubricant, despite its relatively high cost. The corresponding adipate-oleate, a liquid, is more generally used in plasticized compounds in conjunction with mixed metal stabilizers, particularly if the latter are relatively nonlubricating. 

WaxUke ester lubricants are synthesized by esterification of montanic acid. A typical product is ethylene dimontanate, generally referred to as montanic acid ester. In the United States, this lubricant is used mainly in clear rigid PVC in high-end applications, in competition with pentaerythritol adipate-stearate. In these uses, it is known for high resistance to plateout. In Western Europe, products... 

Polyol ester turbine oils currendy achieve greater than 10,000 hours of no-drain service in commercial jet aircraft with sump temperatures ranging to over 185°C. Polyol esters are made by reacting a polyhydric alcohol such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylol propane, or pentaerythritol with a monobasic acid. The prominent esters for automotive appfications are diesters of adipic and a2elaic acids, and polyol esters of trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol (34). 

The dicarboxylic acids normally employed are phthalic acid or its anhydride, or mixtures of them with, for example, adipic acid or unsaturated acids.The polyhydroxy compounds generally used are glycerol, trimethylolpropane, or pentaerythritol. In the... 

Additional hyperbranched polyesters based on either di-, tri-, or polycarboxylic acids or di-, tri-, or polyols are described by Bruchman et al. (1). For example, the reaction product of adipic acid, pentaerythritol and 1,4-cyclohexanedi-methanol, was prepared using di-n-butyltin oxide as catalyst and then post-reacted with selected diisocyanates and used as a paint additive. 

Stationary phases used for thiophenes include pentaerythritol benzoate, polyethylene glycol adipate, tricresyl phosphate and benzyldiphenyl. Celite 545 is a useful support. 

Aromatic) Apiezon phases bentone-34 carbowax phases substituted adipates, phthalates, succinates, and sebacates tetracyanoethylated pentaerythritol liquid crystalline phases phenyl methyl silicone phases... 

Other ingredients that may be found in smokeless powders include camphor, carbazole, cresol, diethyleneglycoldinitrate (DEGDN), dimethylse-bacate, dinitrocresol, di-normal-propyl adipate, 2.4-dinitrodiphenylamine, PETN, TNT, RDX, acaroid resin, gum arabic, synthetic resins, aluminum, ammonium chlorate/oxalate/perchlorate, pentaerythritol dioleate, oxamide, lead carbonate/salicylate/stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium aluminum fluoride, sodium carbonate/bicarbonate, petrolatum, dioctylphthalate, stannic oxide, potassium cyrolate, triphenyl bismuth. 

Finally, that the discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental value of ae was indeed due to intramolecnlar condensations was demonstrated in a beautiful and elegant set of experiments by Stockmayer and Weil,3 who studied the reaction between pentaerythritol (tetrafunctional) and adipic acid (bifunctional)—Figure 5-24. 

Consider the reaction of adipic acid with pentaerythritol described in the text (Figure 5-25). In a reaction that started with 1 mole of pentaerythritol and 2 moles of adipic acid, it was found (by titrating an aliquot) that at the incipient gel point there were 1.48 moles... 

Equations have been developed relating a to the extent of reaction, P. In general, the observed results of e slightly higher than those calculated indicating that some of the reactive sites are lost in intramolecular connections. Flory cites the case of pentaerythritol (/ = 4) and adipic acid. For this case, a = P2 and = 1/3 = 0.577. The experimental result was Pc = 0.63. 

Substituting these values into Eq. (102) (k = 1), we can now plot Dc as a function of y (Fig. 21). Agreement of the theory (solid line) with the experimental points ( ) by Ross-Murphy is remarkably good, giving a critical dilution yc = 0.96, greater than that in the adipic acid-pentaerythritol polymer system, which can be ascribed to the lower production of rings in this polymer system (Table 3). 

The polyesters made from polyols like glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol and dicar-boxylic acids like adipic, sebacetic, azelaic acids as starting materials easily reach a molecular weight above 1,000 Daltons. It is well established that molecules with molecular weights above 1,000 normally show a very reduced bioavailability. Data show that esters are in principle hydrolyzed, however those at higher molecular... 

Diethylene glycol adipate cross-linked with pentaerythritol (LAC-2R-446) 180 A... 

FIGURE 8.6 TI1M chromatograms of two industrial finishes from a beverage can and an electrical appliance. 1 = methyl methacrylate, 2 = neopentylglycol dimethyl ether, 3 = neo-pentylglycol monomethyl ether, 4 = ethylhexyl alcohol, 5 = dimethyl adipate, 6 = methyl laurate, 7 = dimethyl orthophthalate, 8 = dimethyl isophthalate, 9 = methyl palmitate, 10 = methyl stearate, 11 = isobutanol, 12 = n-butanol, 13 = methyl benzoate, 14 = pentaerythritol trimethyl ether, 15 = N-methyl phthalimide. 

It can be concluded that the beverage can coating is a methyl melhacrylate/eth-ylhexyl acrylate copolymer modified polyester. The polyester is an adipic acid-modified neopentyl glycol iso-/orthophthalic acid type. The electrical appliance coating is a butylated amino resin cross-linked pentaerythritol-orlhophthalic thermosetting alkyd enamel. 

The products from the above polyesterifications are brittle materials. They are therefore modified with oils, either drying or nondrying. Such oil-modified resins bear the names of alkyds. While glycerol is widely used, other polyhydroxy compounds (polyols) are also utilized. These may be trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, or others. Phthalic anhydride is usually used in alkyd preparations. Other dicarboxylic compounds, however, may also be included for modification of properties. Common modifiers might be isophthalic, adipic, or sebacic acids, or maleic anhydride. In addition, many other acid modifiers are described in the patent literature. 

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