Synergetic effect

Figure 2 shows the conversions obtained with the three series studied, as a function of the mechanical mixtures composition, one hour after the beginning of the reaction and at the steady-state. Each series presents a maximum of activity, but at a different composition. SA6 series has a maximum between R , values of 50 and 75, whereas SA12 series has a maximum around = 50, and SA60 series near R , = 75. The dashed lines on the figures represent the sum of the individual contributions of the pure phases, calculated according to Equation 3. A very important synergetic effect is observed in all series, i.e., the activity of the mixtures is... 

Recently, however, the development of nanotechnology may provide the changes on the research and development of practical catalysts. As mentioned in the previous section we can now design and synthesize a metal nanoparticle with not only various sizes and shapes, but also with various combinations of elements and their locations. Thus, we can now design the synergetic effect of two elements. In the case of core/shell structured bimetallic nanoparticles, the shell element can provide a catalytic site and the core element can give an electronic effect (a ligand effect) on the shell element. Since only the atoms on the surface can be attached by substrates, the thickness of the shell should be an important factor to control the catalytic performance. 

A corrosion-resistant formulation [1767] is achieved by adding phosphonic acid and hydrazine hydrochloride, as shown in Table 18-3. Hydrazine hydrochloride, combined with nitrilo-trimethyl phosphonic acid, provides a synergetic effect of increased inhibition of the plugging solution. 

Whatever the ligand, no improvement was observed by addition of Pd/C, neither on the activity nor on the enantioselectivity indicating that there is no synergetic effect between the two entities. 

Cirico TL and Omaye ST. 2006. Additive or synergetic effects of phenolic compounds on human low density lipoprotein oxidation. Food Chem Toxicol 44(4) 510-516. 

F(Xj,Yi) may be given by (X, + Y ), a simple form for the synergetic effect of X and Yit which has the physical meaning that the monolayer is formed together with surfactant and alcohol. Self-oscillatory states can be obtained if G(Zi) has "N"-shape nonlinearity. 

Pollutants additive and synergetic effects on fresh and marine water organisms. 

Instead of applying synthetic methods to alter chromophore reactivity, this new way of controlling chemical reactivity involves choosing an appropriate solid micellar system (from the available multitude) and exploiting it to manipulate the chemistry of the entrapped compound. The sol-gel matrix and the micellar solubilization, in fact, have a synergetic effect. Their combination produces effects stronger and more tuneable than in solution, so that a careful selection of sol-gel entrapped surfactants allows one to induce enormous changes in the dopant properties. 

Alkaline glycerol electrochemical oxidation on Pt-Pd alloys is dependant on the surface composition of the alloys. Compared with the pure metals, enhanced activity is found when the alloy contains about 33% Pd, leading to a synergetic effect [63]. 

Xiang, Q., J. Yu, and M. Jaroniec, Synergetic effect of MoS2 and graphene as cocatalysts for enhancedphotocatalytic H2 production activity of Ti02 nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2012.134(15) p. 6575-6578. 

Fig. 10.3 Comparison of the extent of synergetic effect in porosity for chosen composites.

To further verify the importance of epoxy groups for the composite or composite formation and the effects of this process on the porosity of the final materials, an attempt was made to build the composite of HKUST-1 with various graphites [36]. In the resulting materials the synergetic effect of the increase in the porosity was not found and... 

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