PCDDs/PCDFs

Creosote PIC are comprised of PCDD/PCDF, flyash and soot, NO, SOj, COj, HCl, and various PAHs ... 

It is assumed that 0.5% of the PIC are comprised of gaseous forms of PCDD/PCDF. 

Available Fuel, Lbs Lbs Fuel Tor Energy Lbs Flyash Total Lbs Gaseous + PM Lbs NO., SO, CO, Other Lbs PCDD/ PCDF... 

Time, Hrs Distance from Source, m PCDD/PCDF Concentration, uglm ... 

PCB fraction accounted for 75%+ of TEQ by either assay reduced productivity of birds in this area TEQs mainly due to PCBs, especially 3,3, 4,4 -TCB Reduced reproductive success, but less effect than expected from high TEQs PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs made variable, but on the whole similar contributions to TEQ values probably not high enough to adversely affect fish populations TCDD mainly 2,3,7,8-TCDD Reduced hatching... 

Giesy, J.P., Jude, D.J., andTillitt, D.E. etal. (1997). PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents in fish from Saginaw Bay, Michigan. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16, 713-724. 

Safe, S. (1990). PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs and related compounds Environmental and mechanistic considerations which support the development of toxic equivalency figures. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology 24, 1-63. 

Henny CJ, Kaiser JL, Grove RA, Bentley VR, Elliott JE. 2003. Biomagnification factors (fish to osprey eggs from Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides. Environ Monit Assess 84 275-315. 

The BCR has also produced a large number of environmental matrix CRMs for PAHs, PCBs, pesticides, and PCDDs/PCDFs as shown in Table 3.12. These matrices include both natural contaminant level matrices as well as natural matrices spiked with low and high levels of contaminants. When viewed together the NIST and BCR CRMs provide a wide range of environmental matrices in which a considerable number of analytes have been assigned certified and reference values. 

NY/NJ Waterway Sediment PAHs (24) PCBs (35) PAHs (32) PCDDs/PCDFs (17)... 

Natural spray dried milk powder PCDD/PCDFs (ii)... 

PCDD/PCDFs (II) PCDD/PCDFs (II) PCDD/PCDFs (II)... 

Animal muscle (pork), carrot powder, total diet, wheat flour Skim milk powder (elements), whole meal flour, bovine muscle, wholemeal flour, brown bread, cod liver oil (PCBs), rye flom, haricots verts (beans), pork muscle, mixed vegetables, carrot, bran breakfast cereal, unspiked milk powder (PCDDs, PCDFs), spiked milk powder (PCDDs, PCDFs), milk powder Rye flour, milk powder, whey powder Pork meat... 

A. Hiil.ster and H. Marschner, PCDD/PCDF-Transfer in Zuchini und Tomaten. Veroffentl. PAO 8 519 (1994). 

G. Neumann, A. Hiilster, and V. Romheld, PCDD/PCDF-mobilizing compounds in root exudates of zucchini. Organohalogen Compounds 4I 33 (1999). 

LAS and major metabolites (SPC) PBDEs, PCDDs, PCDFs sewage sludge Coastal sediments Soxhlet (toluene) and clean-up with silica gel (QqQ) GC-EI-MS [Pg.34]

PLE pressurized liquid extraction, SPE solid phase extraction, UE ultrasonic extraction, DSPE dispersive solid phase extraction, SBSE stir bar sorptive extraction, TD-GC-MS thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, LAS linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, CDEAs coconut diethanol amides, NPEOs nonylphenol ethoxylates, DP degradation products, SPC sulphenyl carboxylates, PCDD dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), PCDF dibenzofurans, PCBs biphenyls... 

Jimenez B, Rodriguez-Estrella R, Merino R, Gomez G, Rivera L, Gonzalez MJ, Abad E, Rivera J (2005) Results and evaluation of the first study of organochlorine contaminants (PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and DDTs), heavy metals and metalloids in birds from Baja California, Mexico. Environ Pollut 133(1) 139-146. doi 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.014... 

Eljarrat et al. [10] PCDD, PCDF, PCB congeners (28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) 1.9E02-5.3E02 ng/g for PCBs, 1.1E02-7.4E02 pg/g for total PCDD and PCDF Sewage sludge... 

Litz [2] PCDDs, PCDFs, AOX, PCBs, PAHs, LAS, nonylphenol, tributyltin oxides, DEHP Risk assessment were conducted in this study, concentrations were not addressed Sewage sludge... 

Bosveld, A.T.C., J. Gradener, A.J. Murk, A. Brouwer, M. van Kempen, E.H.G. Evers, and M.V. den Berg. 1995. Effects of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs in common tem (Sterna hirundo) breeding in estuarine and coastal colonies in the Netherlands and Belgium. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14 99-115. 

Loonen, H., M. Tonkes, J.R. Parsons, and H.A.J. Govers. 1994b. Bioconcentration of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in guppies after aqueous exposure to a complex PCDD/PCDF mixture relationship with molecular structure. Aquai. Toxicol. 30 153-169. 

Stalling, D.L., R.J. Norstrom, L.M. Smith, and M. Simon. 1985a. Patterns of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB contamination in Great Lakes fish and birds and their characterization by principal components analysis. Chemosphere 14 627-643. 

Jarman, W.M., S.A. Burns, R.R. Chang, R.D. Stephens, R.J. Norstrom, M. Simon, and J. Linthicum. 1993. Determination of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in California peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) and their eggs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12 105-114. 

Investigations have shown that plants on thermal treatment of solid domestic waste represent the source of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and biphenyls. In this connection, it is necessary to conduct further investigations of their emission and determination of all the range of PCDD, PCDF and PCB... 

Primary sources of environmental contamination with PCDD/PCDFs in the past were the production and use of organic chemicals containing chlorine. PCDFs were formed as inadvertent by-products in the production and use of PCBs and, in combination with PCDDs, in such high-temperature processes as waste incineration, the metal industry, home heating and other energy production processes. 

PCDFs are also found in residual waste from the production of vinyl chloride and the chlor-alkali process for chlorine production. Factors favourable for the formation of PCDD/PCDFs are high temperatures, alkaline media, the presence of ultraviolet light, and the presence of radicals in the reaction mixture/chemical process (Fiedler, 1999 Hutzinger and Fiedler 1993). 

Previous production of pentachlorophenol, as well as the bleaching process in pulp and paper mills, has been shown to be a major source. Changes in industrial processes have resulted in a reduction of PCDD/PCDFs concentration in products. Whereas in the past the chemical industry and, to a lesser extent, the pulp and paper industry were considered to be the main sources of PCDD/PCDFs (and also the cause of many of today s contaminated sites in several industrialized countries), today s dioxin input is mainly due to thermal processes. There is still a considerable focus on waste incineration but, owing to requirements for dioxin reduction in stack gases set by several national authorities, the importance of this category has declined during the last years. Examples can be seen especially in the European emission inventories... 

Fiedler 1999). An overview of combustion sources known to generate and emit PCDD/PCDFs (Fiedler, 1999) is presented in Table 2. 

PCDD/PCDFs are found not only in stack gases but also in solid residues from any combustion process such as bottom ash, slag and fly ash. With advanced technology and better burnout of the ashes and slag (characterized by a low content of organic carbon), PCDD/PCDFs concentrations have declined (Fiedler, 1999). 

Secondary sources of PCDD/PCDFs, their reservoirs, are those matrices where they are already present, either in the environment or as products. Product reservoirs include PCP-treated wood, PCB-containing transformers and sewage sludge, compost and liquid manure, which can be used as fertilizers in agriculture and gardens. Reservoirs in the environment are, for example, landfills and waste dumps, contaminated soils (mainly from former chemical production or handling sites), and contaminated sediments (especially in harbours and rivers with industries discharging directly to the waterways). 

Although these reservoirs may be highly contaminated with PCDD/PCDFs, the chemical and physical properties of these compounds imply that dioxins and furans will stay adsorbed to organic carbon in soils or other particles. On the other hand, mobilization can occur in the presence of lipophilic solvents (leaching into deeper layers of soils and/or groundwater) or in cases of erosion or run-off from topsoil (translocation into the neighbourhood). Experience has shown that transport of PCDD/PCDFs due to soil erosion and run-off does not play a major role in environmental contamination and human exposure (Fiedler 1995, 1999). 

---