Patents obviousness

To extend NDDO methods to elements having occupied valence d orbitals that participate in bonding, it is patently obvious that such orbitals need to be included in the formalism. However, to accurately model even non-metals from the third row and lower, particularly in hypervalent situations, d orbitals are tremendously helpful to the extent they increase the flexibility with which the wave function may be described. As already mentioned above, the d orbitals present in the SINDOl and INDO/S models make them extremely useful for spectroscopy. However, other approximations inherent in the INDO formalism make these models poor choices for geometry optimization, for instance. As a result, much effort over the last decade has gone into extending the NDDO fonnalism to include d orbitals. 

EXTENSIONS AND COMMENTARY Here is the chemical that is central to this entire book. This is the structural point of departure for every compound that is discussed here. It is the P in PIHKAL. It is without activity in man Certainly not for the lack of trying, as some of the dosage trials that are tucked away in the literature (as abstracted in the Qualitative Comments given above) are pretty heavy duty. Actually, I truly doubt that all of the experimenters used exactly that phrase, No effects, but it is patently obvious that no effects were found. It happened to be the phrase I had used in my own notes. 

Does the research create a product that is prohibited by statute to be patented this includes a thought process, a law of physics, an object of little utility or another prohibited area of patentability Obviously, the end goal is not always to secure a patent for a product a proprietary process need not be patented if it is possible to keep it protected, something which is becoming very difficult to assure as the information flow becomes easier between individuals and arotmd the world. 

The data for the 4,6-acetals would imply the following order of stability 1-phenylethylidene > benzylidene > ethylidene > isopro-pylidene. It is, however, patently obvious that there remains considerable scope for kinetic studies of suitably chosen derivatives. 

It is impossible to summarise the determination of kinetics on the basis of such a short section devoted to one approach. What is patently obvious is that the determination of kinetics by DSC is a veritable minefield different methods often seem to lead to different results despite the best efforts on the part of practitioners. 

Beginning with the 1890s, Russian prose was predominantly preoccupied with overcoming the naturalist tendencies that had developed primarily in French literature (which had traditionally been well known in Russia) but which had had a serious effect on Russian literature as well. The path of maximal rootedness in the reality of one s own time did not seem too promising even Chekhov s prose was interpreted as humour of not too high a style, or as boring stories . Contemporaries found it difficult to detect the symbolist meaning that is now patently obvious in many of his stories. To all appearances, this was tied to the fact that the reader (and even the critic) could not easily discern such symbolism, well hidden as it was in the artistic... 

As is true for all road users, pedestrians seem to be much more at risk in the less developed countries than in the more developed ones. The data in Figure 15-1 represent the percent of pedestrian fatalities out of all traffic fatalities in 44 countries (mostly for the years 2002 and 2003) as a function of the gross domestic product per person. The countries vary widely in terms of this measure of affluence with a range of nearly twenty fold from the poorest in this particular list (Brazil) to the richest (Luxemburg). It is patently obvious that there is a relationship between the two measures and it is a relatively strong one with a correlation of r=0.71. In very poor countries pedestrians constitute more than 35 percent of all fatalities (53% in Romania and 45% in Georgia and Ukraine), whereas in the richer countries they tend to constitute 15 percent or less (4.5% in Iceland, 9% in the Netherlands, and approximately 10-11% in Finland, New Zealand Norway, Sweden, and the U.S.). 

We have attempted, through general discussion and specific examples, to meet three objectives in this paper. Our first objective was to demonstrate that access to distributed information sources leads to information integration. This should be patently obvious apart from any of our presentation, but people are often confused in the juxtaposition of the terms distribution and integration . We hope we have provided sufficient examples of bringing together information at the desktop, and sharing it with other appUcations, to demonstrate the principles. 

Addressing the issue of temporality first, it is patently obvious that description and understanding of actants, tools, and technologies are temporal it is a process. The manipulator was not merely an entity the manipulator is best described as a... 

I think Conringius is twice mistaken Mariana did not assert that it is lawful to kill a prince who departs ever so slightly from the communion of Rome, or who is simply excommunicated and since his book pre-dated the assassination of Henry IV by more than ten years, he could not have been referring to Ravaillac. If, in other works, he had spoken of that monster, Ravaillac, as a saint no one would have failed to reproach the Jesuits on whatever occasion, after such works, they had advanced an account of the seditious maxims of Mariana. But I do not think that anyone ever did. A great distinction has always been made between Ravaillac and Jacques Clement. The latter received public approval, and some even sang his praises but Ravaillac never had any that I know of The reason for this is patently obvious Henry III had already been excommunicated when he was assassinated, but Henry IV had for a long time been reconciled with the Pope. 

The grant of a patent is also dependent on whether the advance, appHcation, development, or invention is obvious. If an invention is obvious, it is not patentable. The legal qualification of obviousness is a very difficult concept to understand. Although all the elements of an invention may actually be published, if they do not appear together in a single publication, then the invention is generally stiU novel. However, if the publications may be read in combination to disclose all elements of the invention, the invention may be considered obvious and not patentable. 

However, even if there is some disclosure of the invention in the prior activity, the law of patents in the United States requires a high level of detail concerning the invention. A summary of factors to consider in establishing that an invention is not obvious is as foUows ... 

The Notice of Errors. The first mechanism for correction of errors is called a "Notice of Errors." This document may be filed by the patentee after issuance of the patent with the U.S. PTO and references the patent number, issue date, and the errors contained in the patent. The purpose of a Notice of Errors is to clarify the examination history of the patent and such notice dispositively corrects any misspellings, or typographical errors or omissions. One example of a problem which may be clarified by a Notice of Errors is an omitted chemical bond in a compound used in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. In short, the error is obvious and easily corrected. 

The Notice of Errors should resolve those problems which are evident on the face of the patent but which also may be, by their nature, obvious and correctable problems to someone reading only the patent. The Notice of Errors does not result in a further pubHcation by the U.S. PTO, but rather it is instead placed into the examination history of the issued patent and thus is available to anyone who may wish to read this examination history. The Notice of Errors is appropriate for correcting simple matters which do not affect the claim scope or the vaHdity of the patent. 

At least three types of citations in patents can be identified inventors citations found in the patent specification, examiners citations found on issued U.S. patents, and examiners citations found on pubHshed appHcations and granted patents from other countries. A patent inventor cites prior art in order to distance the invention from that art, rather than to show a close relationship. Whereas scientific researchers may want to show how closely they have built on what went before, for an inventor that can suggest anticipation or at least obviousness. Thus, citations within a patent typicaHy try to demonstrate the inadequacies of prior inventions and the uniqueness of the patentee s own work. References tied by this type of citation can be usefiil in developing a picture of the state of the art, but often show sharply differing technologies. 

In addition to each of the above patent s unique characteristic (i.e., utility, ornamental or original design, be a plant), an invention, in order to be granted a U.S. Patent, must demonstrate two additional characteristics 1 ) the invention must be novel and 2) the invention must not be obvious. The steps to pursue to obtain a patent are as follows ... 

The thing to do first is a cost price evaluation on the particular process. It is obvious that one should know as much as one can of the process in order to come to a realistic cost price evaluation. Since these data are not always available in the literature (espedally not for ongoing commercial fermentation processes) we have to make use of those general data that are available in the literature and patents. 

Litigation in the plastic and other industries usually involves patent infringement, theft of trade secret, product liability, or a specific performance. With the usual patent law, the expert is expected to report on the obviousness of an invention. Prior art and knowledge of the requirements for patentability will often be key parts of the expert s... 

Qualifications for obtaining a patent on an invention or process (USA) are (1) the invention must not have been published in any country or in public use in USA in either case for more than one year to date of filing application, (2) it must not have been known in USA before that date of invention by the applicant, (3) it must not be obvious to an expert in the art/technology, (4) it must be useful for a purpose not immoral and not injurious to the public welfare, and (5) it must fall within five statutory classes on which only patents may be granted, namely, (a) composition of material, (b) process of manufacture or treatment, (c) machine, (d) design, and (e) plant produces asexually. 

Patent literature shows that metal derivatives are increasingly used as catalysts in industrial preparations of polyesters. However, very little is known about the properties of these compounds. Moreover, experimental conditions obviously have a very strong influence on their catalytic activity. In fact, their behaviour in the reaction media and the actual effective catalytic spedes are not known. 

In 1839, Charles Goodyear discovered that sulfur could cross-link polymer chains and patented the process in 1844 [1]. Since then rubber became a widely usable material. By the year 1853, natural rubber (NR) was in short supply. So attempts were made to undo what Goodyear had accomplished. Goodyear himself was involved in trying to reclaim vulcanized rubber to overcome the shortage of NR. Later, as a consequence of World War I, Germany introduced synthetic rubbers, namely the Buna rubbers, which raised the curiosity of polymer chemists all over the world. Subsequently, synthetic rubbers with tailor-made properties were born. This was followed by the discovery of new methods and chemicals for vulcanization and processing. It is obvious... 

Most of the phosphorus compounds described in the previous sections are chiral and racemic. Attempting their resolution - that is a physical separation of the enantiomers - was obviously attractive and this was realized as early as 1965 by Hellwinkel, who obtained both optical antipodes of 2 [18]. A patent on the synthesis and possible applications of enantiopure phosphate 2 was even filed at the time [103]. 

---