Partial names

RNA modification database at http //medlib.med.utah.edu/RNAmods furnishes information concerning naturally modified nucleosides in RNA (Limbach et al., 1994). After clicking Search, select individual files (pick corresponding radios under categories base type, RNA source, and phylogenetic occurrence) to be accessed, and output options (common name, structures, and/or mass values). Enter partial name (i.e., substituent name such as methyl, thio, etc.) and choose the parent base(s) from which modified nucleosides are derived (Figure 5.8). Click Search button. The tabulated search results based on selected files are returned according to the requested output options. 

Figure 5.8. Search form for RNA modification database. To search the database, only one radio from each category can be selected, however, multiple selections from the output (show) boxes are possible. Partial name is optional, and more than one partial name can be entered if they are separated by a space.

In cases where two or more identical ligands (or parts of a polydentate ligand) are involved, a superscript is used on k to indicate the number of such ligations. As mentioned above, any multiplicative prefixes for complex entities are presumed to operate on the K symbol as well. Thus, one uses the partial name ... bis(2-amino-KlV-ethyl)... and not ... bis(2-amino-K2iV-ethyl)... in Example 2 below. Examples 2 and 3 use tridentate chelation by the linear tetraamine ligand N,M-bis(2-aminoethyl)ethane- 1,2-diamine to illustrate these rules. 

By directly corrdating the SSSR of a ring system and its name, Taylor nomenclature lends itself directly to both manual and machine procesung and raises the possibility of at least partial name assignment by computer. 

AHq is the energy for cross-slip, cr is the critical resolved shear stress, a is the applied stress and C and c are constants. A model of creep controlled by cross-slip from the 111 to the 100 plane in the temperature range of 530-680 °C over the stress range of 360-600 MN was found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The energy to form a restriction between the partials, namely to recombine the Shockley partials, was evaluated on the basis of Dorn s expression [8]. (See also Hemker et al. [51] for the creep mechanism at intermediate temperatures in Ni3Al). 

Ret Time Ph Signai Descr Amt PPMV cvl ReapFaet Pk-Type Partial Name... 

These are used in British chemical work between two identical letters in chemical names (e.., tetra-acet-ate, methyl-lithium), to help reading in such words as co-ordination and un-ionized (not a union), and to separate portions of partial names such as keto-ester, amino-acid, and hyphens are used in composite class names, e.g. keto-acid, chloro-ketones, oxo-steroids. By custom The Chemical Society uses hyphens also when partial chemical names end in a voiced vowel or ye,g., amino-derivative, thia-compound, methoxy-group, but not after a consonant or unvoiced vowel in such places, e,g, methyl derivative, amide group the reason is probably that, in English, chemical words do not end in vowels. In all these respects, however. The Chemical Society s practice tends to become more... 

Hyphens, on the other hand, are used less in USA than in British practice (see p. 38). Identical letters belonging to different words are not separated by hyphens in USA (methyllithium, tetraacetate) hyphens are not used in words such as coordinate, unionized, nor to join portions/ of partial names (keto ester, amino acid), nor after voiced vowels ending isolated parts of nomenclature (thia compound, methoxy group, amino derivative). They are also not used between a multiplicative prefix and a parenthesis, e.g.j in USA it is correct to write p-bis(2 -chloroethyl)-benzene in Great Britain the name would start p-di-(2-... or p-bis-(2-... on the grounds that parentheses do not alter pre-existing punctuation. 

Generally, many isomers are possible for fused systems and these have to be differentiated by appropriate descriptors. To obtain these, the sides of the parent component are labelled consecutively by italic letters a, b, c... tracing the locant path 1,2,3,4. .. and ignoring potential non-standard numbering. For the attached secondary components the inherent numbering is maintained. Combination of the partial names is then effected by intercalating the fusion locants in square brackets between the component names. Clearly, the principle of lowest locants is to be respected here too first, lowest letters for the base component second, lowest numbers for the higher order components the sequence of numbers follows... 

Krilium The trade name of a soil conditioner. The solid form of Krilium has as active in-gredienl a copolymer of about equal molar proportions of vinyl ethanoate and the partial methyl ester of maleic acid. It may be formulated with lime, bentonite, etc. In aqueous form, Krilium contains a copolymer of about equal molar proportions of isobutene and ammonium maleamate. Other polymers are also used. 

When large concentrations of water are added to the solutions, nitration according to a zeroth-order law is no longer observed. Under these circumstances, water competes successfully with the aromatic for the nitronium ions, and the necessary condition for zeroth-order reaction, namely that all the nitronium ions should react with the aromatic as quickly as they are formed, no longer holds. In these strongly aqueous solutions the rates depend on the concentrations and reactivities of the aromatic compound. This situation is reminiscent of nitration in aqueous nitric acid in which partial zeroth-order kinetics could be observed only in the reactions of some extremely reactive compounds, capable of being introduced into the solution in high concentrations ( 2.2.4). 

Luckily for all of you there were a lot of people who contributed some very nice protocols for this extremely important chemical. The first recipe below was sent to Strike unsolicited in the mail by someone named Don Antoine ( a very nice person) [150] (Note Strike was not given a complete citation with the article and so can only give a partial reference for this article. Sorry) ... 

Partial ethers of polyhydroxy compounds may be named (1) by substitutive nomenclature or (2) by stating the name of the polyhydroxy compound followed by the name of the etherifying radical(s) followed by the word ether. For example. 

Cyclodextrins are macrocyclic compounds comprised of D-glucose bonded through 1,4-a-linkages and produced enzymatically from starch. The greek letter which proceeds the name indicates the number of glucose units incorporated in the CD (eg, a = 6, /5 = 7, 7 = 8, etc). Cyclodextrins are toroidal shaped molecules with a relatively hydrophobic internal cavity (Fig. 6). The exterior is relatively hydrophilic because of the presence of the primary and secondary hydroxyls. The primary C-6 hydroxyls are free to rotate and can partially block the CD cavity from one end. The mouth of the opposite end of the CD cavity is encircled by the C-2 and C-3 secondary hydroxyls. The restricted conformational freedom and orientation of these secondary hydroxyls is thought to be responsible for the chiral recognition inherent in these molecules (77). 

Although microporous membranes are a topic of research interest, all current commercial gas separations are based on the fourth type of mechanism shown in Figure 36, namely diffusion through dense polymer films. Gas transport through dense polymer membranes is governed by equation 8 where is the flux of component /,andare the partial pressure of the component i on either side of the membrane, /is the membrane thickness, and is a constant called the membrane permeability, which is a measure of the membrane s ability to permeate gas. The ability of a membrane to separate two gases, i and is the ratio of their permeabilities,a, called the membrane selectivity (eq. 9). 

Human evolution has taken place close to sea level, and humans are physiologically adjusted to the absolute partial pressure of the oxygen at that point, namely 21.2 kPa (159.2 mm Hg), ie, 20.946% of 101.325 kPa (760 mm Hg). However, humans may become acclimatized to life and work at altitudes as high as 2500—4000 m. At the 3000-m level, the atmospheric pressure drops to 70 kPa (523 mm Hg) and the oxygen partial pressure to 14.61 kPa (110 mm Hg), only slightly above the 13.73 kPa (102.9 mm Hg) for the normal oxygen pressure in alveolar air. To compensate, the individual is forced to breathe much more rapidly to increase the ratio of new air to old in the lung mixture. 

Spin-On Glass. In microelectronic appHcations, films of siHcon dioxide are deposited on siHcon substrates by the appHcation of a partially hydroly2ed solution of tetraethoxysilane or methyltriethoxysilane (59,60). A product based on this technology is marketed under the name Accuspin by AHiedSignal. 

Poly(vinyl alcohol) is used as an additive to dry-wall joint cements and stucco finish compounds. Rapid cold-water solubiUty, which can be achieved with finely ground PVA, is important in many dry mixed products. Partially hydrolyzed grades are commercially available in fine-particle size under the name S-grades. The main purpose of the poly(vinyl alcohol) is to improve adhesion and act as a water-retention aid. 

Calcium Hypochlorite. High assay calcium hypochlorite [7778-54-3] was first commercialized in the United States in 1928 by Mathieson Alkali Works, Inc. (now Olin Corp.) under the trade name HTH. It is now produced by two additional manufacturers in North America (Table 5). Historically, it usually contained about 1% water and 70—74% av CI2, so-called anhydrous product, but in 1970, a hydrated product was introduced (234). It is similar in composition to anhydrous Ca(OCl)2 except for its higher water content of about 6—12% and a slightly lower available chlorine content. This product has improved resistance to accidental initiation of self-sustained decomposition by a Ht match, a Ht cigarette, or a small amount of organic contamination. U.S. production in the 1990s consists primarily of partially hydrated Ca(OCl)2, which is sold as a 65% av CI2 product mainly for swimming pool use. Calcium hypochlorite is also sold as a 50% av CI2 product as a sanitizer used by dairy and food industries and in the home, and as a 32% product for mildew control. 

Some of the partially and fully reduced heterocyclic six-membered rings are sufficiently important to have trivial names with which the reader should be familiar. Thus hexahy-dropyridine (38) is known as piperidine, and tetrahydro-l,4-oxazine (39) is morpholine. Tetrahydropyridines are also sometimes referred to as piperideines, with the position of the double bond denoted by a A, but this system is obsolescent (at the least). 

Paraxanthine—see Xanthine, 1,7-dimethyl-Parent name nomenclature, 1, 35 Parham cycloalkylation in chroman synthesis, 3, 783 Paromomycins as pharmaceuticals, 1, 154 Partial charge transfer from donor to acceptor stacks, 1, 350 Pasteurellosis... 

The two most commonly applied systems for naming polycyclic parents are in some ways complementary. Fusion nomenclature provides names for structures containing the maximum number of non-cumulative double bonds von Baeyer nomenclature (Section 1.02.3.4) names fully saturated structures. Thus names for partially hydrogenated structures can be arrived at either by adding hydro prefixes to fusion names or ene , diene , etc. suffixes to von Baeyer names (see examples 29 and 30). If needed, rules are available for... 

Systematic names of the Hantzsch-Widman type, as well as fusion names, imply unsaturation to the extent of the maximum number of noncumulative double bonds. Suitable suffixes (Table 3) serve to identify the fully saturated derivatives. Partially unsaturated rings may be designated by hydro prefixes with locants and an even-numbered multiplier, such as 2,3-dihydro , applied to a fully unsaturated name, or by dehydro prefixes applied to the saturated name, e.g. (116). 

---