British practice

Many crane manufacturers specify that the motor should be suitable for half an hour or one hour duration according to the British practice still followed in some countries. In fact, it is not possible to correlate precisely these ratings with any of the duty factors. Hence the motors are designed for any of the duty factors of 15%, 25%, 40% and 60%. In fact the duty factors for different types of cranes have been standardized, depending upon their operation, after several years of experience. For example, the cranes operated in steel industries have different types of duty factors as follows ... 

As single base powders have been developed particularly in the U.S.A., their method of manufacture may be described as illustrating the principles involved. British practice is similar but often with omission of the macaroni pressing stage. 

The British practice is to make these products with a bread flour, possibly a standard baker s grade flour or an even stronger flour. Some plant bakeries use a flour that is 75% Canadian Western Red Spring wheat to make croissants. A grist this strong has an enormous amount of tolerance. 

The conventions used in the IUPAC Rules with respect to spelling, position of numerals, italicization, etc., are those of Chemical Abstracts. Current British practice is different in some respects, and it is useful at this point to note two principal differences. British conventions will be used in the present article. 

It is normal British practice to place the numeral referring to the position of a molecular feature (i.e., its locant) immediately before the syllable it qualifies. American usage is more variable (although the same procedure is followed in cases where confusion or ambiguity might result) it is common to find the locant for a multiple bond or for the principal functional group at the beginning of the name (or immediately... 

H.V. Hempleman, Decompression theory British practice, in P.B. Bennett and D.H. Elliott (Eds.), The Physiology and Medicine of Diving and Compressed Air Work, Williams Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1975, pp. 331-347. 

American or bar-/i, etc., for British practice). Planes with these indices cut the unit cell axes at a/h, -b/k, -c/l, respectively. If the values of h, k, and / are small for all observed crystal faces, then a reasonable unit cell has probably been chosen. For reasons of symmetry, planes in hexagonal crystals are conveniently described by four axes, three in a plane at 120° to each other. This leads to four indices, hkil, where i — - h + k), and equivalent crystal faces will have similar indices. 

American developments of nomenclature reached their peak when British chemists were engrossed in World War II. One great American achievement was the Ring Index, published in the year of Dunkirk. A second was the introduction to the index of Chemical Abstracts, 1945 and 1947. The lack of participation of the British in these publications was in part due to the war. No significant account of British practice was published until Mitchell s book (1948) until that time, nomenclature was not considered as a comprehensive, logically uniform whole. However, there are many points in which British nomenclature may be held to be superior to the American. 

Each battalion, at least in the first two brigades, had three rifle companies, a machine-gun company and a support company with mortars and 6-pounder antitank guns. The organization was British throughout, except that separate machine-gun battalions were not formed, as is the British practice. 

Fermentation tests on a larger scale (0 5-5 brl 0 8-8 hi) would be conducted with a small number of selected cultures. The strain is selected on the basis of flavour and aroma of beer produced, degree of attenuation achieved, the amount of yeast in suspension and the amount of yeast growth. In British practice the ease with which the yeast reacts with isinglass finings may also be taken into account. 

In British practice, the use of pure cultures and propagators met severe opposition. Possibly because it was regarded merely as a means to reduce infection by wild yeasts and bacteria, it was rejected [46]. This is not surprising in view of the poor standards of hygiene, methods of fermentation and type of beer produced [24]. In modern breweries, where standards of hygiene are... 

The kegging operation is concerned with filling carbonated pasteurized beer into sterile aluminium or stainless steel containers. In British practice. 

British practice regarding overlays on rigid pavements... 

Cobb, G. 2009. Structural Engineer s Pocket Book. Oxford, U.K. Butterworth Heineman. Aimed at the young practitioner, and rooted in British practice. A revision will be required in due course to take account of the use of Eurocodes. 

Steel Construction Institute. 1997. Appraisal of Existing Iron and Steel Structures. Berkshire, U.K. Steel Construction Institute. This work covers aU aspects of stractural appraisal, although the reference points are generally to British practice. 

Read, G. C., ed. 1997. Sewers. London Arnold. A multiauthored work, largely based on British practice, dealing with sewer repair and reconstruction. 

The present authors have found raffinose present in small amounts in all samples of refined beet sugars obtained from various countries. Specially purified sugar for research purposes which contained over 99.9% sucrose still showed measurable amounts of raffinose in consequence, British practice is now to use only refined cane sugars for this production. 

Decimal points are written to separate individual single groups, but not when parentheses are involved (see list). The American Chemical Society does not use this punctuation, writing simply CH3CH2CH2-etc., and British practice now tends to permit this... 

There is a natural tendency for British practice to change to American where there are stiU differences— natural because of the larger number of American examples and because of the influence of Chemical... 

In British practice the locant (or locants) is placed immediately before the syllable that it qualifies (see p. 35), as in hexan-3-one, hexane-2,3-dione, 1-chloro-hexan-3-one, hex-3-en-l-yne, pyrazol-3-yl, carbazole-2-carboxylic acid. In USA, one locant (or one set of locants) for a suffix is placed in front of the stem name, as in 3-hexanone, 2,3-hexanedione, l-chloro-3-hexanone, 3-hexene, 3-pyrazolyl but only one numeral (or set of numerals) is so placed any others precede the syUable that they qualify, 3-hexen-l-yne, 3-cyclohexen-l-one (the 1 maybe omitted in the second name, giving 3-cyclohexenone, where the 3 refers to the unsaturation en ). There are, however, many cases where parent names carry locants in front of them, e.g., m-dioxan, 1,7-naphthyridine (where the heteroatoms in the ring are cited by the locants 1,7 or m) in such cases the additional locants for suffixes are all placed after the parent name, as in m-dioxan-4-carboxylic or l,7-naphthyridin-2(lfl )-one. The tendency in Chemical Abstracts is to place the locants after the parent name whenever ambiguity might arise it is matched by a tendency in Great Britain to place one numeral in front of the parent name when no ambiguity can arise. A compromise seems to be working itself out unofficially. 

Hyphens, on the other hand, are used less in USA than in British practice (see p. 38). Identical letters belonging to different words are not separated by hyphens in USA (methyllithium, tetraacetate) hyphens are not used in words such as coordinate, unionized, nor to join portions/ of partial names (keto ester, amino acid), nor after voiced vowels ending isolated parts of nomenclature (thia compound, methoxy group, amino derivative). They are also not used between a multiplicative prefix and a parenthesis, e.g.j in USA it is correct to write p-bis(2 -chloroethyl)-benzene in Great Britain the name would start p-di-(2-... or p-bis-(2-... on the grounds that parentheses do not alter pre-existing punctuation. 

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