Releases estimation

For each release estimate, you are required to indicate the principal method used to determine the amount of release reported. You will enter a letter code that identifies the method that applies to the largest portion of the total estimated release quantity. 

Release reporting. Manufacturing businesses with ten or more employees that manufactured, processed, or otherwise used a listed toxic chemical in excess of the established threshold must file annually a Toxic Chemical Release form with U.S. EPA and the state. Documentation supporting release estimates must be kept for three years. 

When determining the impact of a stressor using this approach, there are two main steps, exposure assessment and hazard assessment [28]. The exposure assessment is aimed to determine the concentrations of a substance that a certain organism can be exposed to due to the emission of a certain amount of a substance. The first step is the release estimation. The release estimation aims to determine how much of... 

ECHA s Guidance on information requirements and CSA, Chapter R.18, gives detailed information about exposure scenario building and environmental release estimation for the waste life stage. 

As an alternative to these calculations, the registrant may choose to make a generic release estimate. Here, conservative default values are used for identifying waste amounts and fractions entering into the three main waste streams. Furthermore, generic exposure scenarios can be selected containing default release factors and assumptions on implemented risk management in the processes. [19]. 

Fig. 4 Determinants and results of regional release estimation for the waste stage [19]...

Environmental release estimates are critical inputs for models that calculate indirect human exposures via the environment such as through ambient air or drinking water. They are also critical to modeling exposures to nonhuman aquatic and terrestrial species. Release estimates may be site-specific or they may be generic for a particular industrial process or industrial use. Releases from consumer and commercial products should also be estimated if applicable. 

BIOEXPO, Release Estimation for 23 biocidal product types, TNO 1997. 

Nationwide, the NHSDA released estimates in 1999 that said approximately 2.7 million Americans (1.2% of the population) are thought to have used heroin at least once in their lifetimes. 

Caiboni E, Di Chiara G. Serotonin release estimated by transcortical dialysis in freely-moving rats. Neuroscience 1989 32 637-645. 

An emission factor is defined as a constant that relates the intensity of an activity to an emission (OECD 2002a). Emission factors can be used to estimate releases from nearly any source that generates emissions with a strong proportional dependence on the extent. Emission factors are used for specific cases where no release information is available, or if the release is only given for 1 specific compartment. The complementary release estimates can be obtained using the OECD approach or from the European Technical Guidance Document (ECB 2003a). The release of a chemical to an environmental compartment a is calculated as... 

OECD] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2002a. Resource compendium of PRTR release estimation techniques. Part 1. Summary of point source techniques. ENV/JM/MONO(2002)20. Paris Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Environment Directorate, Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology. 

Yes, there is no question that the handling of cattle, and the kinds of cattle, have changed at the same time that the numbers are changing. As far as I know, there are no recent measurements of the methane production per animal, nor any measurements which would allow comparison of the methane yield per animal from one country to another. There have been large differences in the way in which cattle have been treated from one continent to another for a long time. There is very little information about the methane release from different kinds of cattle, for different types of feed, for any of the many variables that obviously can be considered. The methane release estimate per head of cattle is a measured figure, but it is certainly crude to apply any of the measured releases for all types of cattle, on all types of feed, in every location in the world. However, they are the only data available and provide a crude estimate for the world release. 

A USGS-sponsored workshop (Kvenvolden et al., 2001) considered the magnitude of CH4 release from two perspectives compilation of known seeps, and estimates of the geologic CH4 reservoir s half-life and depletion time. The first approach estimated that SOTgCEUyr was released and that —30TgCH4yr reaches the atmosphere. The reservoir half-life approach resulted in a release estimate of 30 Tg CH4 yr from the seafloor and 10 CH4Tgy into the atmosphere. Water column oxidation was presumed to cause the difference. 

Cunold, D. M., R. G. Prinn, R. A. Rasmussen, etah (1986). Atmospheric lifetime and annual release estimates for CHCI3 and CF2CI2 from 5 years of ALE data. /. Geophys. Res. 91, 10,797-10,817. 

The largest emissions are thought to be from the use and disposal of CPs in metal working fluids. The US EPA estimated these at 10% for SCCPs [2] while the EU assessment estimated releases at 18.5% from oil-based fluids and 31.6% from water-based (emulsifiable) fluids [3]. The other significant source of release is from losses during the service life of products containing CP polymers (PVC, other plastics, paints, sealants, etc.) [3, 4]. These releases, estimated to be overall <1% of the CPs incorporated into the product matrix, are anticipated to be mainly to urban/industrial soil and to wastewater (Table 1). 

Our computations are based on the release estimates provided by the authorities (Lithuanian State Committee for Environmental Protection, 1989). We have applied a long-range dispersion model that uses a Gaussian plume model up to a specified transition distance, and... 

Dose projection models used by off-site officials are generally similar to those used by the licensee and have the same limitations as other dose models. The only source of release estimates (source term) is from the licensee. 

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