Palmitic acid, potassium salt

Hexadecanoic acid, monoester with 1,2,3-propanetriol. See Glyceryl palmitate Hexadecanoic acid, potassium salt. See Potassium palmitate... 

SNG Substitute natural gas. soaps Sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids, particularly stearic, palmitic and oleic acids. Animal and vegetable oils and fats, from which soaps are prepared, consist essentially of the glyceryl esters of these acids. In soap manufacture the oil or fat is heated with dilute NaOH (less frequently KOH) solution in large vats. When hydrolysis is complete the soap is salted out , or precipitated from solution by addition of NaCl. The soap is then treated, as required, with perfumes, etc. and made into tablets. 

Like most other metal carboxylates, the calcium carboxylate (Ca(RCOO)2) formed during Equation (6.19) readily forms a soap , the name arising since its aqueous solutions feel slippery and soapy to the touch. The other commonly encountered metal carboxylates are the major components of household soap, which is typically a mixture of potassium stearate and potassium palmitate (the salts of stearic and palmitic acids). 

Soaps are the detergents used since long. Soaps used for cleaning purpose are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids, e.g., stearic, oleic and palmitic acids. Soaps containing sodium salts are formed by heating fat (i.e., glyceryl ester of fatty acid) with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. This reaction is known as saponification. 

Sodium, potassium, and calcium salts of ascorbic acids are called ascorbates and are used as food preservatives. These salts are also used as vitamin supplements. Ascorbic acid is water-soluble and sensitive to light, heat, and air. It passes out of the body readily. To make ascorbic acid fat-soluble, it can be esterified. Esters of ascorbic acid and acids, such as palmitic acid to form ascorbyl palmitate and stearic acid to form ascorbic stearate, are used as antioxidants in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. 

Oleic acid is the principal fatty acid of olive oil (83% ), which also contains smaller amounts of the saturated palmitic (6%) and stearic (4%) and of the doubly unsaturated linoleic acid (7%). The NMR spectrum of the archaeological sample was closely matched by spectra of commercial oleic acid (Figure 2) as well as by mixtures of the acid with its sodium and potassium salts (Figure 3). 

Soap comprises the sodium or potassium salts of various fatty acids, but chiefly of oleic, stearic, palmitic, lauric, and myristic acids. 

Pesticidal soaps are potassium salts of fatty acids. The most effective soaps are potassium salts of capric (C10), lauric (C12), myristic (C14), palmitic (C16), and stearic (C,8) acids (Ware and Whitacre, 2004). The chemical structure of potassium laurate is as follows ... 

The sodium or potassium salt of palmitic acid, or of stearic acid or the mixed salts of several acids obtained from ordinary fats, is the common substance known as soap. This particular reaction of hydrolysis, is, therefore, known, also, as a reaction of saponification (soap formation). Strictly speaking the reaction of saponification applies only to the alkaline hydrolysis of fats, i,e., of glycerol esters, but, as the hydrolysis of other esters is a reaction of exactly the same character, the term is used to apply equally to the hydrolysis of any ester in presence of an alkali. In the case of the lower alcohol and lower acid esters, e.g., ethyl acetate, the salt formed is not a soap but is a crystalline salt, sodium acetate. 

The simplest and most common synkinons are non-branched, saturated fatty acids from C12 to C18 (trivial names lauroyl Cl2, myristoyl Cl4, palmitoyl or cetyl Cl 6, stearoyl Cl8) and their sodium, ammonium and potassium salts (also known as soaps ). Laurie, myristic, palmitic and stearic acids are barely soluble in water at 20°C (5.5, 2.0,0.7 and 0.3 mg/L) and 60°C (8.7, 3.4, 1.2 and 0.5 mg/L), each ethylene group lowering the solubility by a factor of 2-3. The solubilities of the corresponding sodium and potassium salts are, however, in the order of several grams per litre. Even in highly concentrated emulsions of soaps in distilled water ( 30% w/w), precipitation of solids is often not observed. Bivalent fatty acid salts, however, are just as insoluble as free fatty acids only 1.4 mg of calcium stearate dissolves in 1 L of water. ... 

Mixtures of fatty acid salts are used as soaps. Sodium palmitate—stearate mixtures are solid at room temperature, and the corresponding potassium salt mixtures are fluid, although only potassium palmitate has been crystallized at room temperature. Metal carboxylates hydrolyze in water and release hydroxyl ions on the skin s surface. Soaps with fewer than 12 carbon atoms therefore bite. This happens with nonpurified soaps as obtained from fats containing fractions. Longer alkyl chains produce soft soaps, since they are not soluble as monomers in water and the surface liquids of the skin (sebum, sweat). Sulfonates, on the other hand, do not show such differences because they are always present as fully dissociated salts at physiological pH values and produce no hydroxyl ions. Allergic reactions to commercial soaps are mostly not caused by the fatty acids but by additives, such as perfumes. 

Palmitic acid and stearic acid are colorless, wax-like substances, which melt at 63° and 69°, respectively. They are insoluble in water, but dissolve in organic solvents. The sodium and potassium salts of the acids are soluble in water, while those of calcium, magnesium, and the heavy metals are insoluble. Both acids have the normal structure, that is, the alkyl radicals which they contain, C15H31, and C17H3B, respectively, consist of carbon atoms united in a straight chain. 

Water containing Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+ ions is known as hard water because, when soap is first added, a lather cannot be obtained. Common soap made from animal fat or vegetable oil is a mixtures of sodium and potassium salts of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids. These salts are soluble and are dissociated in water. They readily form a lather with pure water and are widely used for cleansing purposes. However, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+ ions react with soap and form insoluble salts that separate as slimy, sticky precipitates. For example, Ca2+ ions react with stearate ions as follows. 

Soaps are most often a mixture of several sodium and/or potassium salts of fatty acids, present in the saponified natural oil. For example, the saponification of linseed oil by soda produces a soap whose composition is 51% sodium linolenate, 22% sodium oleate, 17% sodium linoleate, 6% sodium palmitate and 4% sodium stearate. 

Natural soaps are the sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids. They are produced as a result of the interaction of a caustic alkali and a fat. A typical animal or vegetable fatty acid molecule consists of a long hydrocarbon chain with a terminal carboxyl group. For example in the case of sodium stearate, which was introduced as an example in section 1.6, the fatty acid is stearic acid and it has the chemical formula CH3(CH2)i6COOH. The chemical reaction of stearic acid and sodium hydroxide results in the soap sodium stearate, Ci7H35COO Na+. The commonly occurring fats are lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, etc. Common bars of washing soap will consist of a number of pure soaps. 

Soaps are acyclic compoimds in everyday use and are soluble both in water and in fat. Chemically, soaps are the alkali salts of fatty acids. The latter include stearic, oleic and palmitic acids which are derived from oils and fats. When mixed with a strong alkali such as potassium hydroxide (potash) or sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) a soap is formed, as shown in Figine 2.4. 

PROP Consists of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium salts of capric, captyUc, lauric, myristic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids manufactured from fats and oils derived from edible sources. 

Preservatives including but not limited to the following within these maximum amounts in percent by weight of the finished food Sorbic acid, benzoic acid and their sodium, potassium, and calcium salts, individually, 0.1 percent, or in combination, 0.2 percent, expressed as the acids calcium disodium EDTA, 0.0075 percent propyl, octyl, and dodecyl gallates, BHT, BHA, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate, all individually or in combination, 0.02 percent stearyl citrate, 0.15 percent isopropyl citrate mixture, 0.02 percent. 

As commercially made by the saponification of fats, soaps are not pure chemical individuals but consist of a mixture of the alkali-metal salts of the several fatty acids contained as esters in the original fat or oil. The composition of soap, therefore, depends upon the composition of the fat from which it is made. As the common fats and oils which are used for this purpose contain, mostly the glycerol esters of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids, the common soaps are mixtures of sodium, or potassium, palmitate, stearate and oleate. We shall consider now,... 

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