Palm oil mill effluent

Mustapha, S., Ashhuby, B., and Azni, I., Start-up strategy of a thermophilic upflow anaerobic filter for treating palm oil mill effluent, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 81 (4), 262-266, 2003. 

Ho, C.C. and Chan, C.Y. (1986) The application of lead dioxide-coated titanium anode in the electro flotation of palm oil mill effluent. Water Res. 20,1523-1527. 

Vijayaraghavan, K., and Ahmad, D. 2006. Biohydrogen generation from palm oil mill effluent using anaerobic contact filter. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 31, 1284-1291. 

Ho and Chan used a Pb02-coated titanium anode for the electroflotation of palm oil mill effluent [141]. The electroflotation of suspended particles and anodic destruction of soluble substances such as sugars and phenolics occurred simultaneously. At 0.5 A and after 20 hours of operation, 86% of the suspended matter was found to be removed by flotation while 50% of the dissolved substances were destroyed. The lead dioxide anode was not corroded during the course of operation. 

The sterilizer condensate and separator sludge are segregated into separate oil pits for residual oil recovery before they are mixed again for treatment. The hydrocyclone waste contains very little residual oil and is discharged directly into the treatment plant. The final mixed wastewaters are commonly known as palm oil mill effluent. 

TABLE 25. Metal Content in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (26). 

Ungazetted. POME, palm oil mill effluent PORE, palm oil refinery effluent OIE, oleochemical industrial effluent. Standard A or B depends on locations. 

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). Palm oil mill effluent is essentially organic in nature and nontoxic but has a high polluting potential. In its raw state, POME has an extremely high concentration of biochemical and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD) and high in plant nutrient contents, particularly in nitrogen and potassium. After treatment processes various types of POME are available, and their chemical composition are shown in Table 28. 

The main by-products and wastes produced from the processing of palm oil are the empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm oil mill effluent (POME), palm fiber, and pahn kernel shell. EFB and POME have been used extensively as mutch and organic fertilizers in oil palm plantations while palm fiber and shell are used as fuel, making the palm oil mill self-sufficient in energy (Figure 23). Excess shell has been used for road surfacing in estates. 

Ahmad AL, Ismail S, Bhatia S (2003) Water recycling from palm oil mill effluent (POME) using membrane technology. Desalination 157 87-95... 

Zakaria and co-workers [28] reported the use of Comamonas sp. FBI 72 for the fed-batch production of copolymer poly(3HB-co-3HV) using a mixed organic acids treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) in a 2 1 bioreactor. A PHA content of 59 wt% and 3HV monomer composition of 21 mol% was obtained when the two-stage cultivation method was used. This method involves growing cells in a nutrient-rich medium for about 12 h, followed by inoculation of the production medium and supply of concentrated organic acids from treated POME using the fed-batch strategy. 

Atif, et al. (2005). Fed batch production of hydrogen from palm oil mill effluent using anaerobic microflora. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 30, 1393—1397. 

Abdurahman, N. H., Rosli, Y. M., Azhari, N. H. (2011). Development of a membrane anaerobic system (MAS) for palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment. Desalination, 266,208—212. 

Zakaria, M. R., Abd-Aziz, S., ArifTin, H., Rahman, N. A. A., Yee, P. L., and Hassan, M. A. (2008). Comamonas sp. EB172 isolated from digester treating palm oil mill effluent as potential polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) producer. African Journal of Biotechnology 7,4118-4121. 

Oil palm processing generates 53.4 % mesocarp fiber (MF), 6.4 % pahn kernel shell (PKS), 21 % empty fruit bunch (EFB), and 58.3 % palm oil mills effluent (POME) from every wet fresh fruit bunch (FFB) basis (Hambali et al. 2010). The overall palm oil market is dominated by two countries Indonesia and Malaysia and these two accounts more than 85 % of the worldwide production (Sulaiman et al. 2011). The source of palm oil fruit bunch is very much related to palm oil industries. Palm oil producing countries such as Malaysia have more reserve oil palm plantation which lead to abundant source of empty fruit bunches. Previously, EFB was considered as a under-utilized source. Once it was viewed as an embarrassing liability of pahn oil waste but later due to dynamic research and innovation, the ability of oil palm fiber as valuable source embarks. In Malaysia itself, the production of empty fmit bunch reaches 21.34 million tons in year the 2011, which make Malaysia a major fiber producer (Mun 2011). 

Yee PL, Hassan MA, Shirai Y, Wakisaka M, Karim MIA (2003) Continuous production of organic acids from palm oil mill effluent with sludge recycle by the freezing-thawing method. J Chem Eng Jpn 36 707-710... 

Somrutai W, Takagi M, Yoshida T (1996) Acetone-butanol fermentation by Clostridium aurantibutyricum ATCC 17777 from a model medium for palm oil mill effluent. J Ferment Bioengin 81 543-547 Spivey MJ (1978) The acetone/butanol/ethanol fermentation. Proass Biochem... 

Investigations directed toward optimization of biotechnological processes to be performed using cheap and readily available carbon substrates are of great importance, since the final cost of the industrial production is mainly dictated by the cost of the carbon source. Those carbon sources which lead to structurally identical monomers are designated as related, while those which are structurally completely different from the generated monomers are classified as unrelated. Carbon sources can vary from simple carbohydrates, alkanes and fatty acids to plant oils and various other cheap carbon sources, such as wastewater from olive mills, molasses, whey, starchy wastewater, corn step liquor and palm oil mill effluent. ... 

WBH Wheat bran hydrolysate, RBH Rice bran hydrolysate, POME Palm oil mill effluent. 

Hassan, M. A., Shirai, N., Kusubayashi, N., Abdul Karim, M. L, Nakanishi, K., Hashimoto, K. The production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from anaerobically treated palm oil mill effluent by Rhodobacter spheroides. J Ferment Bioengg 1997a, 83,485-488. 

Ahmad, A., Shah, S. M. U., Othman, M. F., Abdullah, M. A. Aerobic and anaerobic cocultivation of Nannochloropsis oculata with oil palm empty fruit bunch for enhanced biomethane production and palm oil mill effluent treatment. Desalination and Water Treatment 2015, 56(8), 2055-2065. 

Saleh, A. R, Kamarudin, E., Yaacob, A. B., Yussof, A. W, Abdullah, M. A. Optimization of biomethane production by anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent using response satiacevaelhoAology. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 2012,1,353-360. 

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