Polyhydroxyalkanoates -PHA from

Abstract Studies have shown that the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from plant oils is more efficient than from sugars in terms of productivity. Among the various plant oils, pahn oil is the most efficiently produced oil in the world. The main application of pahn oil is as a source of dietary fat. The conversion of food grade substrates to non-food materials is of concern because of the increasing need to feed the rapidly growing human population. Therefore, the by-products of the plant oil industry may be a better feedstock for PHA production. Alternatively, non-food grade oils such as jatropha oil can be developed as a feedstock for PHA production. This chapter looks at the potential of jatropha oil as a possible feedstock for the biosynthesis of PHA. 

CastQho LR, MitcheU DA, Freire DMG (2009) Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from waste materials and by-products by submerged and solid-state fermentation. Bioresour Technol 100 5996-6009... 

Chee J-Y, Tan Y, Samian M-R, Sudesh K (2010) Isolation and characterization of a Burkholderia sp. USM (JCM15050) capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from triglycerides, fatty adds and glycerols. J Polym Environ 18 584-592... 

Taguchi K, Aoyagi Y, Matsusaki H, Fukui T, Doi Y (2(X)3) Co-expression of 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase and polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase genes induces PHA production in Escherichia coli HBlOl strain. FEMS Microbiol Lett 176 183-190 Tajima K, Igari T, Nishimura D, Nakamura M, Satoh Y, Munekata M (2003) Isolation and characterization of Bacillus sp. INT005 accumulating polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from gas field soil. J Biosci Bioeng 95 77-81... 

Metabolix Inc. (USA) has developed a fermentation process to produce biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from renewable feedstock by incorporating genes from PHA-producing bacteria into a strain of Escherichia coli. The fermentation process... 

P. E. Mantelatto and N. A. Durao, Process for extracting and recovering polyhydroxyalkanoates (Phas) from cellular biomass, 2008, US20080193987A1. 

Other blends such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) with cellulose acetate (208), PHA with polycaprolactone (209), poly(lactic acid) with poly(ethylene glycol) (210), chitosan and cellulose (211), poly(lactic acid) with inorganic fillers (212), and PHA and aUphatic polyesters with inorganics (213) are receiving attention. The different blending compositions seem to be limited only by the number of polymers available and the compatibiUty of the components. The latter blends, with all natural or biodegradable components, appear to afford the best approach for future research as property balance and biodegradabihty is attempted. Starch and additives have been evaluated ia detail from the perspective of stmcture and compatibiUty with starch (214). 

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a biodegradable and biocompatible thermoplastic that can be synthesized in many microoiganisms from almost all genera of the microbial kingdom. Many microoiganisms synthesize polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as intracellular carbon and energy reserve materials [1]. These microbial polyesters materials are thermoplastics with biodegradable properties [2]. PHAs are usually accumulated... 

Metabolix Inc., is a private firm based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, that was spun out of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1992 and acquired biopolymer technology from Monsanto Inc. in 2001. Metabolix began its first commercial production of organic polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) resin, based on corn sugar in 2005 at an undisclosed location in the Midwest. The plant was expected to produce around 100 tonnes of material in 2005 and close to 1000 tonnes in 2006. 

Biodegradable polymers that are based on renewable resources include polyesters such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). Biodegradable polymers can also be made from extracts from plants and vegetables such as corn, maize, palm oil, soya and potatoes. 

ALB 11] Albuquerque M.G.E., Martino V., Pollet E., et al., Mixed culture polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production from volatile fatty acid (VFA)-rich streams effect of substrate composition and feeding regime on PHA productivity, composition and ]xo]yeTties , Journal of Biotechnology,vol. 151,no. l,pp. 66-76,2011. 

Abstract Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a plastic-like material synthesized by many bacteria. PHA serves as an energy and carbon storage componnd for the bacteria. PHA can be extracted and purified from the bacterial cells and the resulting product resembles some commodity plastics such as polypropylene. Because PHA is a microbial product, there are natural enzymes that can degrade and decompose PHA. Therefore, PHA is an attractive material that can be developed as a bio-based and biodegradable plastic. In addition, PHA is also known to be biocompatible and can be used in medical devices and also as bioresorbable tissue engineering scaffolds. In this chapter, a brief introduction about PHA and the fermentation feedstock for its production are given. 

Abstract Many types of fermentation feedstock have been studied for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). Several industrial-scale processes have been developed for PHA production from sugars. Sugars are attractive feedstock because of their abundant supply worldwide, market stability, and also because the metabolism of PHA from sugars is very well understood. Recently, plant oils have been gaining much interest as a potential feedstock for PHA production. Industrial-scale processes for the production of PHA from plant oils are currently being developed. This chapter looks at the challenges in using plant oils, especially pahn oil as feedstock for PHA production. 

Abstract The most important aspect of any feedstock for industrial-scale production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is market stability. One would expect the feedstock to be sustainable in terms of supply, cost and quahty. In addition, recently, there is also growing concerns over the use of food-grade feedstock for making nonedible products such as fuel and material. Therefore, the selection of a feedstock for PHA production must take into consideration the effect on global food supply. This chapter presents the current scenario of the palm oil industry along with issues such as land management and conservation of biodiversity. In order to ensure the sustainability of PHA production from palm oil, several strategies are proposed. 

Abstract Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is an attractive material because it can be produced from renewable resources and because of its plastic-like properties. In addition, PHA can be degraded by the action of microbial enzymes. Although PHA resanbles some commodity plastics, the performance and cost of PHA are not yet good enough for widespread applications as plastic materials. Therefore, the PHA commercialization attempts by many industries for bulk applications have been challenging. However, PHA also possesses interesting properties that can be developed for non-plastic applications. This chapter describes some new niche applications for PHA in cosmetics and wastewater treatment. 

Ali N, Suhaimi NS (2009) Performance evaluation of locally fabricated asymmetric nanofiltration membrane for Batik industry effluent. World Appl Sci J 5 46-52 Alias Z, Tan IKP (2005) Isolation of palm oil-utilising, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-producing bacteria by an enrichment technique. Bioresour Technol 96 1229-1234 Allen AD, Anderson WA, Ayorinde FO, Eribo BE (2010) Biosynthesis and characterization of copolymer poly(3HB-co-3HV) from saponified Jatropha curcas oil by Pseudomonas oleovorans. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 37 849-856 Allen AD, Anderson WA, Ayorinde F, Eribo BE (2011) Isolation and characterization of an extracellular thermoalkanophilic P(3HB-co-3HV) depolymerase from Streptomyces sp. INI. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 65 777-785... 

Koller M, Atlic A, Gonzalez-Garcia Y, Kutschera C, Braunegg G (2008) Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis from whey lactose. Macromol Symp 272 87-92... 

Y (2006) Synthesis of short-chain-length/Medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) copolymers in peroxisome of the transgenic Arabidopsis ThaUana harboring the PHA synthase gene from Pseudomonas sp. 61-3. J Polym Environ 14 369-374... 

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