Anaerobic microflora

Anaerobic Microflora Funk, Roberts, Cranford, and Crawford examined the bioremediation of soils contaminated with the munition compounds 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-l,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine, and octahydro-l,3,5,7-tetranitro-l,3,5,7-tetraacocine by a procedure that produced anaerobic conditions in the soils and promoted biodegradation of nitroaromatic contaminants. This procedure consisted of flooding the soils with 50 mM phosphate buffer, adding starch as a supplemental carbon substrate, and incubating under static conditions. Aerobic heterotrophs, present naturally in the soil or added as an inoculum, quickly removed the oxygen from the static cultures, creating anaerobic conditions. Removal of parent TNT molecules from the soil cultures by the strictly anaerobic microflora occurred within four days. 

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Ktlsel K, Wagner C, Drake HL. 1999a. Enumeration and metabolic product profiles of the anaerobic microflora in the mineral soil and litter of a beech forest. FEMS Microb Ecol 29 91-103. 

The metabolic transformation of many drugs is catalysed by various enzyme of the intestinal microflora. The anaerobic microflora and colon are rich in reductases which may be responsible for a significant proportion of the azoreductase and nitroreductase activity. The enzymes and other factors that may produce change in the nature of intestinal microflora might also produce changes in the metabolism pattern of the drugs. 

Ueno, Y., Kawai, T., Sato, S., Otsuka, S., and Morimoto, M. 1995. Biological production of hydrogen from cellulose by natural anaerobic microflora. J. Ferm. Bioeng., 79,395-397. 

Yokoyama, H., Waki, M., Moriya, N., Yasuda, T., Tanaka, Y., and Haga, K. 2007. Effect of fermentation temperature on hydrogen production from cow waste slurry by using anaerobic microflora within the slurry. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 74, 474 183. 

Ueno, Y., Otauka, S., Morimoto, M. (1996). Hydrogen production from industrial wastewater by anaerobic microflora in chemostat culture. /. Ferment. Bioeng. 82, 194-197. 

Drake, H. L., N. G. Aumen, C. Kuhner, C. Wagner, A. GrieBhammer, and M. Schmittroth. 1996. Anaerobic microflora of Everglades sediments effects of nutrients on population profiles and activities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62 486-493. 

Atif, et al. (2005). Fed batch production of hydrogen from palm oil mill effluent using anaerobic microflora. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 30, 1393—1397. 

The excess gas (flatulence) following consumption of beans is due to the presence of raffinose and stachyose in beans. The intestinal tract does not produce enzymes capable of splitting these oligosaccharides (raffinose and stachyose), with the result that they pass to the colon where they are fermented by anaerobic microflora and produce gaseous products. This is an unfortunate characteristic of beans, for otherwise, they are one of nature s most perfect foods. They are an excellent low fat source of protein, and they are a good source of important minerals. 

P. acnes is an anaerobic diphteroid that populates the androgen-stimulated sebaceous follicles and is a normal constituent of the cutaneous microflora even if acne is not infectious, the commensal P. acnes acts in acne pathogenesis. Three pieces of evidence support the role of P. acnes in acne 1) higher counts of P. acnes in individuals with acne than in those without acne 2) correlation between the reduction of P. acnes counts and the clinical improvement of the disease and 3) correlation between development of acne and presence of antibiotic-resistant P. acnes organisms. P. acnes products mediate the formation of comedones and contribute to their rupture, leading to extrusion of... 

Michalke K, EB Wickenheiser, M Mehring, AV Hirner, R Hensel (2000) Production of volatile derivatives of metal(loid)s by microflora involved in anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol 55 2791-2705. 

The gastrointestinal microflora provide another potential site for drug metabolism within the GIT, and it has received some attention. In normal subjects the stomach and proximal small intestine contain small numbers of microorganisms. Concentrations of these organisms increase toward the distal end of the intestine. A wide variety of aerobic and anaerobic organisms are present in the gut. The microflora, derived primarily... 

Other bacteria. Intestinal bacteria may play a critical role in the metabolic activation of certain nitroaromatic compounds in animals (119) and several reports have appeared on the metabolism of nitro PAHs by rat and human intestinal contents and microflora (120-123). Kinouchi et al. (120) found that 1-nitropyrene was reduced to 1-aminopyrene when incubated with human feces or anaerobic bacteria. More recently, Kinouchi and Ohnishi (121) isolated four nitroreductases from one of these anaerobic bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis). Each nitroreductase was capable of converting 1-nitropyrene into 1-aminopyrene, and one form catalyzed the formation of a reactive intermediate capable of binding DNA. Howard ej al. (116) confirmed the reduction of 1-nitropyrene to 1-aminopyrene by both mixed and purified cultures of intestinal bacteria. Two additional metabolites were also detected, one of which appeared to be 1-hydroxypyrene. Recently, similar experiments have demonstrated the rapid reduction of 6-nitro-BaP to 6-amino-BaP (123). 

Rafii F, Franklin W, Cemiglia CE (1990) Azoreductase activity of anaerobic bacteria isolated from human intestinal microflora. Appl Env Microbiol 56 2146-2151... 

The enzyme involved in the degradation of the dyes has been shown to be azoreductase. The enzymes were first isolated from the intestinal microflora and was later found to be produced by the cytosolic and microsomal fractions of the liver [47]. The enzyme was sensitive to oxygen and was inactivated by oxygen. In experiments involving intestinal anaerobic bacteria, Rafii et al. found the requirement of... 

A half-life of about 40 days was reported for hexachloroethane in an unconfined sand aquifer (Criddle et al. 1986). Laboratory studies with wastewater microflora cultures and aquifer material provided evidence for microbial reduction of hexachloroethane to tetrachloroethylene under aerobic conditions in this aquifer system (Criddle et al. 1986). In anaerobic groundwater, hexachloroethane reduction to pentachloroethane and tetrachloroethylene was found to occur only when the water was not poisoned with mercury chloride (Roberts et al. 1994). Pentachloroethane reduction to tetrachloroethylene occurred at a similar rate in both poisoned and unpoisoned water. From these results, Roberts et al. (1994) suggested that the reduction of hexachloroethane to tetrachloroethylene occurred via pentachloroethane. The first step, the production of pentachloroethane, was microbially mediated, while the production of tetrachloroethylene from pentachloroethane was an abiotic process. 

Mountzouris, K. C., Balaskas, C., Fava, F., Tuohy, K. M., Gibson, G. R., and Fegeros, K. (2006). Profiling of composition and metabolic activities of the colonic microflora of growing pigs fed diets supplemented with prebiotic oligosaccharides. Anaerobe 12,178-185. Mulvey, M. A. (2002). Adhesion and entry of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Cell. Microbiol. 4, 257-271. 

Peroxidases from saliva, crevicular fluid, bacteria, and fungi may contribute to this reaction in caries lesions. Although deeper layers of the carious microflora are assumed to be anaerobic, the oxygen required for the reaction may reach the deeper parts of the plaque via oxygen channels (Marquis, 1995). Lactobacilli, however, cause browning of dentin in the absence of tyrosinase (Dreizen et ah, 1957). 

Identification of Spoilage Microflora Table I lists the bacteria recovered from decomposed skipjack tuna after incubation for 24 h at 38°C. Eighteen of the 134 bacteria isolated were histamine formers, and these strains consisted of obligate and facultative anaerobes. 

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