Oxidation technology

In the former USSR, there reportedly are two technologies in use one is old anthrahydroquinone autoxidation technology and the other is closed-loop isopropyl alcohol oxidation technology. Production faciUties include several smaller, 100-150-t/yr isopropyl alcohol oxidation plants and a larger, 15,000-t/yr plant, which reportedly is being expanded to 30,000-t/yr. Differences in this technology as compared to the Shell Chemical Co. process are the use of oxygen-enriched air in the oxidation step and, catalytic reduction of the coproduct acetone back to isopropyl alcohol per equation 21. 

Noncatalytic partial oxidation of residual fuel oil accounts for the remainder of world methanol production. Shell and Texaco ate the predominant hcensors for partial oxidation technology (16) the two differ principally in the mechanical details of mixing the feedstock and oxidant, in waste heat recovery, and in soHds management. 

Proceedings of the First International Conference on Advanced Oxidation Technologies, London, Ontario, Canada, June 25—July 1,1994. 

Alternatives to oxychlorination have also been proposed as part of a balanced VCM plant. In the past, many vinyl chloride manufacturers used a balanced ethylene—acetylene process for a brief period prior to the commercialization of oxychlorination technology. Addition of HCl to acetylene was used instead of ethylene oxychlorination to consume the HCl made in EDC pyrolysis. Since the 1950s, the relative costs of ethylene and acetylene have made this route economically unattractive. Another alternative is HCl oxidation to chlorine, which can subsequently be used in dkect chlorination (131). The SheU-Deacon (132), Kel-Chlor (133), and MT-Chlor (134) processes, as well as a process recently developed at the University of Southern California (135) are among the available commercial HCl oxidation technologies. Each has had very limited industrial appHcation, perhaps because the equiHbrium reaction is incomplete and the mixture of HCl, O2, CI2, and water presents very challenging separation, purification, and handling requkements. HCl oxidation does not compare favorably with oxychlorination because it also requkes twice the dkect chlorination capacity for a balanced vinyl chloride plant. Consequently, it is doubtful that it will ever displace oxychlorination in the production of vinyl chloride by the balanced ethylene process. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, perox-pure Chemical Oxidation Technology Peroxidation Systems, Inc., Applications Analysis Keport, EPA/540/AR-93/501, Washington, D.C., 1993. 

M. G. Noack and S. A. lacovieUo, "The Chemistry of Chlorine Dioxide in Industrial and Wastewater Treatment AppHcations," 2nd International Symposium on Chemical Oxidation Technologies Tor the 90 s, Vanderbilt University, NashviUe, Term., Feb. 19—21,1992. 

Producer Location Capacity, 10 t/vr Process oxidant Technology... 

In 1960 the author was charged with the review and improvement of the ethylene oxide technology of Union Carbide Corporation (UCC). A historic overv iew revealed some interesting facts. The basic French patent of Lefort (1931,1935) for ethylene oxide production was purchased by UCC in 1936. In 1937, a pilot-plant was operated and commercial production started in 1938. By 1960, UCC s production experience was several hundred reactor-years. This was expressed as the sum of the number of production reactors, each multiplied by the number of years it had been in operation. Research and development had continued since the purchase of the original patent and the total number of people involved in ethylene oxide related research at one time reached one hundred. 

There are seven fundamental oxidizer technologies that achieve the oxidation of organics in alternate ways. These technologies are ... 

Flare and Burners - Certainly the oldest and still widely used technology through some parts of the world is flaring. Flares are used in the petroleum, petrochemical, and other industries that require the disposal of waste gases of high concentration of both a continuous or intermittent basis. As other thermal oxidation technologies, the three T s of combustion of time, temperature, and turbulence are necessary to achieve adequate emission control. 

E. Berman and J. Dong, in The Third International Symposium Chemical Oxidation Technology for the Nineties (W.W. Eckenfelder, A.R. Bowers, and J.A. Roth, Eds.), p. 183. Technomic Publishers, Chicago, 1993. 

Chemical oxidation technology is primarily used for the detoxification of cyanide and other oxi-dizable organics such as aldehydes, mercaptans, phenols, unsaturated acids, and certain pesticides.40... 

Demonstration of the HiPOx Oxidation Technology for the Treatment of MTBE-Contaminated Groundwater... 

Speth, T.F. and Swanson, G.R., Demonstration of the HiPOx Advanced Oxidation Technology for the Treatment of MTBE-Contaminated Groundwater, EPA/600/R-02/098, U.S. EPA National Risk Management, Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. September 2002. 

Huai, Hoffmann MR (1997) Optimization of ultrasonic irradiation as an advanced oxidation technology. Environ Sci Technol 31 2237-2243... 

Heterogeneous catalysis is widely used in technology for gas-phase oxidation of hydrocarbons to alcohols, aldehydes, epoxides, anhydrides, etc. Homogeneous catalysis predominates in the liquid-phase oxidation technology. Nevertheless, a series of experimental studies was devoted in the 1970s to 1990s to heterogeneous catalysis. The main objects of study were metal oxides and metals as catalysts. 

Oxidations are indisputably one of the most important chemical transformations known and improvement in oxidation technology would have a significant impact... 

Ciardelli, G., Capanelli, G. and Bottini, A., Ozone Treatment of Textile Wastewaters for Reuse, in Proceedings of the 2"J International Conference on Oxidation Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany, 28-31 May, 2000. 

Vogelpohl, A., Advanced oxidation technologies for industrial water reuse, Chapter 22 in Water recycling and resource recovery in industry Analysis, technologies and implementation, Edited by P.Lens et al., IWA publishing, 2002, ISBN 1 84339 005 1. 

NRC. 2001d. Assessment of Supercritical Water Oxidation Technology Development for Treatment of VX Hydrolysate at the Newport Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Letter Report of the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. Washington, D.C. Board on Army Science and Technology. 

G. I. Panov, A. K. Uriarte, M. A. Rodkin, and V. I. Sobolev, Generation of active oxygen species on solid surfaces. Opportunity for novel oxidation technologies over zeolites, Catal. Today 41,365 (1998). 

D-Glucaric acid, directly produced by nitric oxidation of glucose or starch, is usually isolated as its 1,4-lactone. The technical barrier to its large-scale production mainly includes development of an efficient and selective oxidation technology to eliminate the need for nitric acid as the oxidant. Because it represents a tetrahydroxy-adipic acid, D-glucaric acid is of similar utility as adipic acid for the generation of polyesters and polyamides (see later in this chapter). 

The process consumes the sulfuric acid and produces a waste. product, ammonium bisulfate, so it is expensive. So when propylene oxidation technology was developed, it became the preferred route. 

Gogate, PR Pandit, AB. A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment 1 oxidation technologies at ambient conditions. Advances in Environmental Research, 2004 8, 501-551. 

Beltran, FJ. Ozone-UV radiation-hydrogen peroxide oxidation technologies. In Tarr MA, editor. Chemical degradation methods for wastes and pollutants - environmental and industrial applications. New York Marcel Dekker 2003 1-75. 

Muruganandham, M Swaminathan, M. Decolourisation of Reactive Orange 4 by Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation technology. Dyes and Pigments, 2004 63, 315-321. 

Sato, M Sun, B Ohshima, T Sagi, Y. Characteristics of active species and removal of organic compounds by a pulsed corona discharge in water. Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies, 1999 4, 339-342. 

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