The Period prior to

For the period prior to the first onset of Antarctic glaciation (around 33 Ma), oxygen isotope variations in global benthic foraminifera records reflect temperature... 

Later in the research, a variation of the resistance element technique was developed to permit the continuous measurement of a compression wave position with respect to time. With this modification the compression wave movement, during the period prior to establishment of an exothermal reaction, could be studied. The pressure-actuated resistance probe consists of a thin-walled me-... 

Coordination chemistry of aluminum prior to 1970 was included in Wade and Banister s account of the element.1 There are thorough reviews of aluminum chemistry with particular reference to oxygen compounds, halides and their adducts, which cover the period prior to... 

However, Feick and Hainer [18] consider most of the above figures of the energy of activation are not very accurate as in the period prior to explosion a considerable quantity of ammonium nitrate is evaporated. The authors suggest the following equations for ammonium nitrate thermal decomposition ... 

Many methods have been developed for the preparation of carbides and nitrides, and these will be described in this section. General references are Schwarzkopf and Kieffer,24 Juza,25 Storms,26 Toth,27 Benesovsky, Kieffer and Ettmayer,28 Santhanam,29 and Stoll and Santhanam.30 Kosolapova31 and Frad32 provide a detailed description of the element-by-element synthesis of carbides, covering the period prior to 1971. 

The standard Cone Calorimeter (Section 14.3.3.2.1) described in ASTM E 1354 includes a smoke photometer to measure light extinction in the exhaust duct. The system is based on a laser light source. The same system is also standardized internationally, although it is described in a separate document from the main Cone Calorimeter standard (ISO 5660-2). Smoke measurements are reported in terms of the average specific extinction area (ASTM E 1354 and ISO 5660-2) and the smoke production rate and total smoke production for the period prior to ignition and the flaming period (ISO 5660-2). 

In the period prior to launch of the White Paper, the European Community had experienced consumer disquiet due to a number of food scares. These included contamination of animal feed, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), concern about the use of antimicrobial feed additive used to increase productivity in animal production, and genetically modified food. The White Paper identified the need to reestablish consumer confidence in the European food supply and to reassure trading partners of the Communities ability to regulate and control die safety of its food supply. 

It may indeed be necessary to postpone the transplantation or to bridge the period prior to the transplantation owing to ascites factors or other particular difficulties, including the absence of a suitable liver transplant. To this end, the peritoneovenous shunt and TIPS are suitable temporary operative steps. Indeed, it is these techniques which actually make subsequent liver transplantation possible. Thus PVS and TIPS are principally indicated if it is not (or not yet) possible to carry out a liver transplantation. 

If one tries to get a dissertation issued by an American university during the period prior to 1947, one may be able to trace it through use of Special Library Resources (15) which surveys collections of dissertations in research libraries in the United States and Canada. 

Fig. 8. interpreted refiection-seismic section from Venezuela, earned out in the period 1939-1941, showing the limited resolution in the period prior to the 1960s (from LeRoy, 1951). 

Peroxide complexes are intermediates in industrially important epoxidation reactions and research in this area is focused on mechanism and the development of regioselective, stereoselective, and environmentally benign industrial processes. Oxodiperoxo and oxoperoxo complexes will be discussed in that order. Reviews by Dickman and Pope454 and Caradonna455 provide full accounts of peroxo complexes and their use as oxidants in the period prior to 1994. 

A subsequent study in Washington State involving 576 cases of NHL reported a relative risk of 1.07 (95% Cl 0.8-1.4) associated with any past exposure to phenoxy herbicides (3 ). This estimate increased to 1.7 (95% Cl 1.04-2.8) for exposure of more than 15 years during the period prior to 15 years before diagnosis (Table... 

We may therefore conclude that stochastic forcing is the most likely explanation for the natural variability in the period prior to 1900. It is also concluded that stochastic forcing for this model cannot explain the large, sustained warming during the 20th century. Similar results have been obtained in other model studies (Manabe and Stouffer, 1997). 

However, these observations were not considered as interesting processes from the standpoint of chemical kinetics, but rather as nuisances in the use of mass spectrometry as an analytical tool. For this and other reasons, there was no notable progress in the study of ion—molecule reactions in the period prior to 1950. Another example of ion—molecule reactions recognized and studied in early days is [6]... 

Fig. 15. Subtracted amperometric responses at +450mV versus SSCE in PBS/NaOH (pH 10.5) using the same platinized carbon microelectrode. The dotted curves were obtained in the absence of [Mn(ll)(pyane)Cl2], whereas the dashed and solid curves were obtained in the presence of 25 and 100 iM of the complex, respectively. Region I corresponds to the period prior to ONOO addition, while regions II—IV correspond to the initial ONOO concentrations of 12.8, 25.0, and 36.6 i M, respectively. The arrows and shaded areas correspond to injections of ONOO and mixing of the solution. Taken from Filipovic et al. 44).

Since Cotzias s 1958 review [1], a number of excellent monographs, chapters, and review articles have appeared [2-23]. The period prior to 1984 is perhaps best summarized by the multi-author monograph [18], with regard to concepts of nutrition and transport, interaction with several important enzymes and metabolic processes, and as a biophysical probe. The references in the current review result from a selective search of the... 

Key players that can be identified in this process are as follows all levels of management, the persons responsible for the processes and activities to be performed under GxP, suppliers (external suppliers as well as internal system developers), IT/system managers (including service providers, if applicable), system users and Quality Assurance (QA). It is highly recommended to also involve the Purchasing and/or Legal departments in the process if new modules, updates or extensions are required. Table 13.3 indicates the basic roles, responsibilities and tasks for the key players in order to validate systems and to keep them validated. Most of the responsibilities and tasks are equally relevant for the period prior to initial validation and for keeping the systems validated. 

Two additional lines of evidence link trends in the MTR data to coal combustion. The first is a comparison of temporal trends in IRM, Zn, and S with SO2 production in the US. This comparison is shown in Fig. 14. By far the dominant source of SO2 is fuel combustion (EPA, 2000). For the period from 1930 to about 1980, there is a close correspondence between SO2 production/combustion and reservoir geochemistry/mineralogy. In particular, SO2 production maxima during World War II (1945) and the period prior to the Clean Air Act of 1970 are mirrored by peaks in reservoir S and IRM. The correspondence between content of sedimentary trace elements and magnetite related to coal combustion with the source function for these constituents is consistent with a relation between the source and sink. 

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