Ovarian physiologic

Adashi EY, Resnick CE, Hernandez ER, Svoboda ME, Van Wyk JJ (1989) Potential relevance of insulin-like growth factor 1 to ovarian physiology from basic to clinical application. Endocr Rev, 7 94. 

Burger HG Findlay JK (1989) Potential relevance of inhibin to ovarian physiology. Semin Reprod Endocrinol, 7 69. 

Although the positive effects of ERT have been well established, it has been shown that the cell proliferative actions of estrogen can increase the incidence of breast cancer in some patients. In addition, duration of exposure to physiological levels of unopposed estrogens is an established risk factor for breast, uterine, and ovarian cancer. In an effort to attain pharmaceutical agents that oppose the carcinogenic... 

The water-soluble compound 36b, very stable within a physiological buffer at 37 ° C, exhibits cytotoxic effects on ovarian A2780 human cancer cells and promotes apoptosis to a greater extent than platinum drugs [103]. 

Physiologic causes Adolescence Perimenopause Immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis no LH surge Declining ovarian function... 

Dehydroepiandrostemne (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) are the most abundant steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex under pituitary ACTH control (B5). Very little plasma DHEA(S) appears to be of testicular or ovarian origin. Physiologically, the concentration of DHEA(S) in the blood oscillates coincidentally with cortisol, consistent with the response of adrenal... 

Fauser, B. and Vanheusden, A. 1997. Manipulation of human ovarian function-physiological concepts and clinical consequences. Endocrine Reviews 18(1), 71-106. 

Advantages and Disadvantages. Advantages of using monkeys in safety assessment studies include their phylogenetic proximity, as well as their physiological, behavioral, and, often, metabolic similarities, to humans (Table 16.13). An example is the similarity between the ovarian cycle of female monkeys and women (Mazue and Richez, 1982), which makes the monkey the ideal animal model for reproductive studies. Another advantage associated with most species of monkeys used in safety assessment studies is that they are much smaller than nonrodents such as the dog and, thus like the ferret, require less test compound. 

Olfactoiy thresholds also vary with the ovarian cycle. Women are most sensitive to odors around the time of ovulation, when estrogen levels are highest, and less sensitive to odors during menstruation. This may have sensory-physiological reasons. During menstruation the mucus layer on the olfactory epithelium is thicker and more likely to trap molecules, while the thin mucus layer at the time of ovulation renders the receptors more accessible. The thickness of the mucus layer, in turn, is controlled by testosterone and estrogen (Mair etal, 1978). 

Albers, H. E. and Rowland, C. M. (1989). Ovarian hormones influence odor stimulated flank marking behavior in the hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. Physiology and Behavior 45, 113-118. 

Variations on the filter-based assay have been designed to approximate more physiological contexts. Such assays include tumor cell invasion across a confluent cell monolayer (e.g., endothelial cells (EC) as a surrogate for intravasation or extravasation during hematogenous metastasis (24)) and ovarian carcinoma invasion of mesothelial cell monolayers (25). Additionally, 1 mm thick slices of human brain tissue have been used as a tissue barrier on Transwell filters with invasion of GFP-labeled glioma cells measured by confocal microscopy (26). 

Depaolo, L. (1997). Inhibins, activins and follistatins — the saga eontinues. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 214(4), 328-339. Fauser, B. Vanheusden, A. (1997). Manipulation of human ovarian funetion—physiological concepts and clinical... 

Ovarian hormones may influence pharmacokinetic parameters, and the physiological state of pregnancy can affect a drug s distribution and metabolism. 

The ovary also produces inhibin and activin. These peptides consist of several combinations of and 3 subunits and are described in greater detail later. The oc3 dimer (inhibin) inhibits FSH secretion while the 33 dimer (activin) increases FSH secretion. Studies in primates indicate that inhibin has no direct effect on ovarian steroidogenesis but that activin modulates the response to LH and FSH. For example, simultaneous treatment with activin and human FSH enhances FSH stimulation of progesterone synthesis and aromatase activity in granulosa cells. When combined with LH, activin suppressed the LH-induced progesterone response by 50% but markedly enhanced basal and LH-stimulated aromatase activity. Activin may also act as a growth factor in other tissues. The physiologic roles of these modulators are not fully understood. 

Tsafriri A Adashi EY (1994) Local nonsteroidal regulators of ovarian function. In Knobil E Neill JD ed. The physiology of reproduction, 2nd ed. Vol. 1. New York, Raven Press, p 817. 

The sexual dimorphism of cuticular hydrocarbons is completed during the first three days after imaginal eclosion. During the same period, important physiological events take place, female oocyte maturation and vitellogenesis. A number of mutations have been described which affect ovarian development or endocrine control. These mutants were used to elucidate a possible hormone control mechanism used to regulate hydrocarbon biosynthesis. 

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