Outlook, worldwide

Outlook. Since natural gas became a commodity of commerce and its potential as an energy form was recognized, its use on a worldwide basis has continued to increase. Adequate proven reserves have been developed and the necessary production and deflvery infrastmctures have been estabUshed... 

Novotny V (1999) Diffuse pollution from agriculture - a worldwide outlook. Water Sci Technol 39(3) 1-13... 

The trend has been to larger plants. In recent years, plants worldwide have been averaging about 650 MM lb/yr, and the outlook is for them to get even larger. We may see a billion lb/yr average size plant in the near future, especially in the United States. ICI recently completed a year of continuous ethylene production following a very smooth initial start-up of their billion lb/yr plant in Wilton, England. Shell is in the process of bringing a 1.2 billion lb/yr cracker on stream at their Deer Park, Tex. location. 

The current decade s outlook is for continued strong worldwide growth in ethylene demand. Total new plant construction for the 1970 s... 

AIDS is now a pandemic, and according to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, 58 million people have been infected with HIV and 25 million have died worldwide. In the twenty-first century, it remains an ultimately fatal disease that is difficult to treat, but the development of new drugs has improved the outlook of patients infected with the virus in the United States and Western Europe. 

At the present, several countries are recognized as producers of petroleum and have available reserves. These available reserves have been defined (Campbell, 1997), but not quite in the manner outlined above. For example, on a worldwide basis the produced conventional crude oil is estimated to be approximately 784 billion (7 84 X 109) bbl with approximately 900 to 1000 billion (900-1000 X 109) bbl remaining as reserves (Alazard and Montadert, 1993). It is also estimated that there are 180 billion bbl, which remain to be discovered with approximately 1 trillion (1 X 1012) bbl yet-to-be-produced. The annual depletion rate is estimated to be 2.6%. However, it is believed that the apparent increase in the proven reserves of conventional crude oil is due more to revisions of previous estimates of reserves rather than to new discoveries (Alazard and Montadert, 1993). The outlook for liquid fuels into the next century and for the next several decades is believed to hinge upon the availability and conversion of heavy oils, residua, and extra heavy oils (bitumen). 

As for other recyclable heterogeneous catalysts, zeolites and related materials can also contribute to the development of environmentally friendly processes in the synthesis of bulk and fine chemicals. The concept of a biomass refinery, capable of separating, modifying and exploiting the numerous constituents of renewable resources, is gaining worldwide acceptance today with a very broad outlook. This chapter has attempted to show that this particular area of carbohydrate chemistry is in itself very rich, both in already acquired knowledge and potential future developments. 

Nearly 6000 device companies comprise an industry with an estimated worldwide market of 140 billion. Eighty percent of these companies have fewer than 50 employees, with the 17 largest manufacturers capturing 65% of the total market. (3. U.S. Medical Devices Market Outlook. A404-54. New York Frost Sullivan, 2003 1-15-1-16). The 2003 medical device market in the United States alone was 63.2 billion. Venture capital plays a crucial role in the funding and advancement of the device industry, allowing individual inventors to develop and market their products. Conversely, the pharmaceutical industry is driven by a handful of multibillion-dollar global corporations. 

Discussing any worldwide topic is an awesome task at best and fraught with many pitfalls. Political and social and economic differences combine to not only confuse the current situation but, also obscure the future outlook as well. The next decade will be shaped by many of the familiar economic, social and political factors widely discussed in the media. 

Manno, P. J. "Outlook for Worldwide Polyurethane Markets," ACS Symposium on Urethane Chemistry and Applications, Las Vegas, NE, Aug. 24-29, 1980. 

Cancer is a major health issue worldwide. The most common solid tumors are breast, colorectal, ovarian, prostate and lung cancer, which account for more than 3.2 million new cases annually, and 1.7 million deaths each year [1]. In addition, large numbers of individuals are diagnosed with and die each year from hematological malignancies such as lymphomas (>166000 new cases and 93 000 deaths, respectively) or leukemias (144000 new cases and 109000 deaths, respectively). Early detection combined with advances in surgery and external radiotherapy have improved the prognosis for many patients with solid tumors in which the disease is confined to the primary anatomical site, but the outlook for patients with advanced disseminated cancer remains poor. Lymphomas and leukemias are more... 

We need to rmderstand that the mn-up in oil prices in 2007-2008 was a major anomaly when viewed over the period since 1945, using inflation-adjusted dollars per barrel (Table QQ). The outlook for worldwide oil prices for the next decade or more is on average around 60/bbl, but this assumes no wars in producing regiorts or widespread government intervention that would cause prices to rise above this level. 

A drop in coal-hred generation in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries is offset by big increases elsewhere, especially China, where 600 gigawatts of new capacity exceeds current capacity of the USA, European Union (EU), and Japan (lEA Outlook 2010). According to the American Worldwide Institute s report (No. 182, Oct. 2010), China is the first world s largest coal user today. China consumed 2.7 billion tons of coal in 2008 or 43% of the world total and in 2.5 times higher than the second largest consumer, the USA. 

When we wrote a previous study (Mather and Wilson, 2006) on the use of textiles in solar electricity conversion, there was a continuing concern about the worldwide dependence on oil as our prime energy source. Alternative fuels each had their promoters and detractors, from both environmental and economic considerations. This outlook has not changed, and the situation may have deteriorated further with political challenges to the assured supply of gas and oil. Therefore, some countries have revisited their shale-based reserves, which are certainly immense but raise issues about environmentally safe extraction. In addition, this fuel would add to atmospheric carbon emissions, which show little sign of being reduced in the near future. 

As a general conclusion and outlook, it can be stated that, because of its versatility, the thiolactone approach in polymer science can be regarded as a breakthrough development of the modem functionafization toolbox. Therefore, it will undoubtedly lead to many more applications. In material science, the unique properties of the thiolactone functional handle, such as double modification, one-pot strategies, and mild conjugation protocols involving biomolecules, will attract the efforts of many more research groups worldwide. 

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