Cancer disseminated

Blood vessels penetrating tumors provide malignant cells with another point at which to enter the circulation. Evidence exists that in situation where cancers disseminate predominantly by the blood, the extent of metastasis depends upon the vasculature of the primary tumor. Thin-walled capillaries, especially those newly formed, provide poor resistance to invading cancer cells. Also, data from microscopy studies show that the endothelium of tumor vessels, particularly in areas of poor oxygenation, is often abnormal (Kl). These abnormalities may permit invasion by neoplastic cells (P3). Finally, tumors can spread by direct extension into body cavities such as pleural and peritoneal spaces. An example of this is the formation of peritoneal metastases from ovarian carcinoma. 

HeUmann K, Salsbury AJ, Burrage KS, Leserve AW, James SE (1973) Chemotherapy of Cancer Dissemination and Mutathesis. In Garattini S, Franchi G (eds) Raven Press, New York, p. 355 Helmann K, James SE, Salsburry AS (1974) Br J Cancer 30 179 and references cited therein... 

Weiss, L. (1973). Chemotherapy of Cancer Dissemination and Metastasis (S. Garattini G. Franchi, eds). New York Raven Press. 

Does surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma accelerate cancer dissemination World J Gastroenterol, 10, 31-36. 

In the veterinary as in the human patient, neoplasms are often metastatic and widely disseminated throughout the body. Surgery and irradiation are limited in use to weU-defined neoplastic areas and, therefore, chemotherapy is becoming more prevalent in the management of the veterinary cancer victim (see Chemotherapeutics, anticancer). Because of the expense and time involved, such management must be restricted to individual animals for which a favorable risk—benefit evaluation can be made and treatment seems appropriate to the practitioner and the owner. In general, treatment must be viewed not as curative, but as palliative. 

Cancer or neoplastic disease is a genomic disorder of the body s own cells which start to proliferate and metastasize in an uncontrolled fashion that is ultimately detrimental to the individual. Antineoplastic agents are used in conjunction with surgery and radiotherapy to restrain that growth with curative or palliative intention. The domain of antineoplastic chemotherapy is cancer that is disseminated and therefore not amenable to local treatment modalities such as surgery and radiotherapy. 

Cancer treatment is a multimodality treatment, i.e., surgery is combined with radiotherapy and antineoplastic chemotherapy. The latter treatment mode is used mainly for cancers which have disseminated. Different forms of cancer differ in their sensitivity to chemotherapy with antineoplastic agents. The most responsive include lymphomas, leukemias, choriocarcinoma and testicular carcinoma, while solid tumors such as colorectal, pancreatic and squamous cell bronchial carcinomas generally show a poor response. The clinical use of antineoplastic agents is characterized by the following principles. 

There are a number of disorders, including cancer and shock, in which the concentrations of plasminogen activators increase. In addition, the antiplasmin activities contributed by tti-antitrypsin and a2-antiplas-min may be impaired in diseases such as cirrhosis. Since certain bacterial products, such as streptokinase, are capable of activating plasminogen, they may be responsible for the diffuse hemotthage sometimes observed in patients with disseminated bacterial infections. 

Ovarian cancer usually is confined to the abdominal cavity, but spread can occur to the lung, liver, and less commonly, bone or brain. Disease is spread by direct extension, peritoneal seeding, lymphatic dissemination, and blood-borne metastasis. 

Carcinomatosis Condition of having widespread dissemination of carcinoma (cancer) in the body. 

Goodison, S., Kawai, K., Hihara, J., Jiang, P., Yang, M., Urquidi, V., Hoffman, R. M., Tarin, D. (2003). Prolonged dormancy and site-specific growth potential of cancer cells spontaneously disseminated from nonmetastatic breast tumors as revealed by labeling with green fluorescent protein. Clin. Cancer Res. 9(10), 3808-3814. 

Leichman CG, Lenz HJ, Leichman L et al. Quantitation of intratumoral thymidylate synthase expression predicts for disseminated colorectal cancer response and resistance to protracted-infusion fluoro-uracil and weekly leucovorin. J Clin Oncol 1997 15 3223-3229. 

Fewell JG, Matar MM, Rice JS, Brunhoeber E, Slobodkin G, Pence C, Worker M, Lewis DH, Anwer K (2009) Treatment of disseminated ovarian cancer using nonviral interleukin-12 gene therapy delivered intraperitoneally. J Gene Med 11 718-728... 

Mamede, M., Saga, T., Kobayashi, H., Ishimori, T., Higashi, T., Sato, N., Brechbiel, M.W., and Konishi, J. (2003) Radiolabeling of avidin with very high specific activity for internal radiation therapy of intra-peritoneally disseminated tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 9, 3756-3762. 

Lotze, M.T. et al., High-dose recombinant interleukin 2 in the treatment of patients with disseminated cancer. Responses, treatment-related morbidity, and histologic findings, JAMA, 256, 3117, 1986. 

Ossowski, L., Russo-Payne, H., and Wilson, E. L., Inhibition of urokinase-type plasminogen activator by antibodies The effect on dissemination of a human tumor in the nude mouse model. Cancer Res. 51, 274-281 (1991). 

NCI National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government s principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http //cancer.gov. [NIH]... 

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