Future Trends and Outlook

Bikiaris, D.N. (2013) Nanocomposites of aliphatic polyesters an overview of the effect of different nanofillers on enzymatic hydrolysis and biodegradation of polyesters. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 98 (9), 1908-1928. 

(2011) Recent advances in polymer shape memory. Polymer, 52 (22), 4985-5000. 

PumawaU, H., Tang, C., and Zhang, J.L. (2012) Thermo/chemo-responsive shape memory effect in polymers a sketch of working mechanisms, fundamentals and optimization. /. Polym. Res., 19 (9), 1—34. 

Sauter, T., Heuchel, M., Kratz, K, and Lendlein, A. (2013) Quantifying the shape-memory effect of polymers by cyclic thermomechanical tests. Polym. 

and Venkatraman, S.S. (2010) Recovery as a measure of oriented crystalline structure in poly(L-lactide) used as shape memory polymer. Acta Mater., 

Single polymer composites (SPCs) will remain in the focus of interest further on. This prediction is because they are lightweight (their density is lower than most of the traditional composites), environmentally benign (especially due to their easy recycling via reprocessing in the melt) and offer novel properties (related to nanoporosity, for example). 

Liquid composite molding techniques, making use of the ring opening polymerization of various cyclic mono- and oligomers, wUl remain hot topics . Apart from CBT, cyclic lactones and lactams will be favored as matrix precursors. Gong et at [76] demonstrated the feasibihty of this method by producing PA-6 based SPC via infiltration of PA-6 fiber assembly with e-caprolactam followed by in situ polymerization of the latter. 

Novel SPCs will be produced by combining new methods e.g., electrospinning of fibers) with well established ones e.g., film stacking). Microfibrillar and nanofibrillar SPCs, recently developed by Fakirov et at [19,20,70-75], may be of great, practical relevance. In addition to their excellent mechanical performance, they represent an attractive way to achieve a nniform nanoscale dispersion of the reinforcing constituent. 

Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been significantly developed over the past years because of their advantages in processing, mechanical properties and biodegradability. These types of composites are predicted to have more and more applications in the near future. Adhesion and compatibility between natural fiber and polymer matrix will remain a critical issue concerning the overall properties of the composites. Hence, further research is necessary to overcome this shortcoming. Current scientific research has been focused on the selection of the most suitable materials and the optimization of all parameters. 

In the more widely represented pentafluorophenylgold I) gold(111) complexes 

Applications of the pentafluorophenylgold complexes have been mentioned when appropriate throughout the chapter. Catalytic reactions, vapochromic behavior. 

We wish to thank the Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry/FEDER grant number BQU2005-0899C03-01. 

1 Pope, W.J. and Gibson, C.S. (1907) The alkyl compounds of gold. Journal of the Chemical Society, 91, 2061—2066. 

---

Numerous applications for biocides have been found in fields as diverse as ethical pharmaceuticals and cat litter products. The aim of this Cl book is two-fold to provide a comprehensive guide to the use of biocides across a range of applications and to aid in the selection of a biocide that is "fit for purpose". It covers a Cl cross-section of traditional measures, novel ideas and innovative developments, as well as addressing the biocides market, the political outlook and future trends of biocide use. 

Outlook and Future Trends in the Development of Flow-Based Systems... 

OUTLOOK AND FUTURE TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLOW-BASED SYSTEMS FOR MULTI-ANALYTE DETECTION... 

A theoretical and experimental comparison of the efficacy of these methods when applied to different libraries will be presented, and a final summary and outlook of the trends for the future will conclude this review. 

Bricker S. B., Clement C. G., PirhaUa D. E., Orland S. P., and Farrow D. G. G. (1999) National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment A Summary of Conditions, Historical Trends, and Future Outlook. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD. 

In this first textbook on the topic we aim to give a comprehensive overview on the current status of the field of sustainable, eco-efficient and competitive production of (novel) polymeric materials via enzymatic polymerization. Furthermore an outlook on the future trends in this field is given. 

Our approach was not to hold hearings, nor to undertake major new analyses, but rather, to review existing research and to build, to the extent possible, on the many ongoing, related activities, such as the presidential Domestic Policy Review and the Committee for Economic Development s study. We prepared a variety of review and synthesis papers and assembled selected key studies from the past. We commissioned a few analytical pieces to fill in gaps in knowledge and held a meeting in December 1978 on the subject of research, innovation, and economic change. Our report attempts to present what is known about the role of innovation in the economy, past trends and the present state of the "innovation system", and the outlook and options for the future. 

The concern over environmental issues and sustainability has opened up another vibrant research field, namely, biobased and biodegradable polymer blends. An overview of major developments and recent trends in biodegradable blends with an emphasis on PLA blends are also discussed. This chapter closes with an outlook for the future of this important subject. 

FinaUy, a concise summary is provided of the syntheHc strategies towards zirconia nanoparticles and their applications in the Hfe sciences, as well as an outlook of anticipated future trends in this area. Despite their unobtrusive-almost hesitant-introduction into the biomedical field, these materials can expect a bright future, most Hkely leading to completely novel applications. There are, however, many chaUenges to face and risks to overcome ... 

The trend has been to larger plants. In recent years, plants worldwide have been averaging about 650 MM lb/yr, and the outlook is for them to get even larger. We may see a billion lb/yr average size plant in the near future, especially in the United States. ICI recently completed a year of continuous ethylene production following a very smooth initial start-up of their billion lb/yr plant in Wilton, England. Shell is in the process of bringing a 1.2 billion lb/yr cracker on stream at their Deer Park, Tex. location. 

Hook, M. and Aleklett, K. 2009. Historical trends in American coal production and a possible future outlook. International Journal of Coal Geology, 78(3) 201-216. 

This chapter first introduces trends in bioengineering educational programs. A description of future opportunities is described, followed by a survey of employment and a career outlook, with some thoughts on finding a job in the realm of bioengineering. 

Chapter 1 and 2 outline the principle of PEMFC and its desired properties. The general trend in recent R D efforts and the future outlook is also summarized. It would be a good start to read these two chapters before entering any other chosen chapter. 

---