Other possible markets

Although it is explicitly mentioned in conjunction with only two designs of small reactors described in this report — the SVBR-75/100 (ANNEX XIX) and the BN GT-300/100 (ANNEX XVIII), both coming from the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE) of the Russian Federation — an option to use such reactors for the so-called renovation of decommissioned older power plants, i.e., after necessary checks, to use the remaining premises and infrastructure and balance of plant of these older plants to accommodate and plug-in certain number of small reactor modules for another decades of operation, should be mentioned as another market opportunity for small reactors without on-site refuelling. 

More exotic applications of such reactors may include underwater (e.g., to support underwater mining) or extraterrestrial (e.g., as a power source on the Moon, etc.) locations. 

The needs of the customer categories discussed above extend beyond technical needs to encompass needs for institutional and business support, as well as support of operations. 

A country s economic development can be fuelled by energy input supplied from small reactors without on-site refuelling. But this economic development must first be enabled by creating an institutional infrastructure favourable to investment and enterprise. The rule of law, enforceable property rights and an independent judiciary, a favourable tax structure, a stable currency, etc. are examples of institutional prerequisites for economic development. 

Upon request of a member state, the IAEA is able to provide guidance and assistance in emplacing these institutional prerequisites for the country s initial nuclear deployments [25]. Beyond that, the nuclear vendor may also offer assistance to potential customers as a part of the business arrangement. The degree to which such institutional and business prerequisites are currently in place versus what could be requested of the vendor varies dramatically. 

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PLA Fusarium moniliforme Penicillium roquefort, Amycolatopsis sp. Bacillus brevis, Rhizopus delemer Torres et al. (1996), Pranamuda et al. (1997), Pranamuda and Tokiwa (1999), Tomita et al. (1999), Fukuzaki et al. (1989) Packaging and paper coatings other possible markets include sustained release systems for pesticides and fertilizers, mulch films, and compost bags Plastics recycUng-Economic and Ecological Options (2006)... 

Some resource economists fervently support the concept of sustainability. Others argue that the principle is less coherent, comprehensible, and compelling than prior concepts, particularly the core economics principle of efficiency. For economists, the choice of terminology is sccondaiy. The priniai y concern is resolving the underlying problems of possible market inefficiencies and the ability of governments to cure them. 

Figure 9.8 summarizes the different possible conversion pathways and/or uses of bioethanol [83]. Notably, however, a decrease in ethanol cost may open the door to a large range of other possible applications, and there is interest in biorefineries to diversify the possible uses of ethanol so as to decrease dependence on market fluctuations. There is thus the need to rediscover, and improve as well, the catalytic chemistry of ethanol. 

In practice, one can imagine many possible trade-offs between flexibility and reward size. The most obvious way to reduce risk premiums is to design contracts that minimize sponsors discretion to adjust rewards ex post. One blue ribbon panel recently adopted this position by recommending that sponsors not be allowed to adjust Advanced Purchase Commitment rewards downward even if R D costs fall in the interim (Advanced Markets Working Group 2005). They presumably believed that the increased discretion was not worth the additional risk premium that companies would demand in compensation. Other possible trade-offs include promising to award a fixed sum to the best drug(s) produced within a preannounced time... 

In health care the existence of a number of different sources of high quality and detailed quantitative market data for such analyses confers an advantage over many other industrial markets. This is not so in many other business markets, such as chemicals or other commodities, and is more akin to consumer market data. Hence it is possible to generate analysis of data at a high level of granularity at a quantitative level rather than having to rely on qualitative research based only on small samples of the market for the estimation of segments or, of product use. 

The divalent mineral-binding effect of CPPs can be put in use in applications where one wants to increase the availability for absorption of these minerals in the gut. Drinks with calcium and iron are examples for commercial uses of CPPs examples can be found especially in the Japanese market. Products for children that incorporate calcium or milk minerals and CPPs in sweets or cookies are found in the South Asian market. As mineral accretion is high during early childhood, incorporation of CPPs provides good solubility and availability for absorption of calcium or zinc and thus is worth considering for infant nutrition. Other possible uses are in calcium-enriched dairy products and natural calcium supplements. In addition, dental applications are obvious, since complexes of calcium, CPPs and phosphate may reduce caries in a dose-dependent fashion. 

In 1953, a military operative in Switzerland indicated that Sandoz wanted to sell 10 kilograms—22 pounds, or about 100 million doses—on the open market. A secret coordinating committee that included CIA and Pentagon officials recommended unanimously that the CIA should buy it all for just over a quarter million dollars in order to keep it "out of the hands of the Russians or other possible buyers. CIA chief Allen Dulles approved, and soon two Agency representatives were sent to Sandoz to negotiate. 

Other New Markets. Moving away from the automobile fuel market, ICI and Phillips Petroleum have developed single cell protein (SCP) products made by the growth of a microorganism that uses methanol as the sole source of carbon nutrient. These SCP s aim at the animal feed market as high protein additives in competition with skimmed milk powder and fish meal. If this process proves successful it offers a potential future additional consumption of methanol, although not in the same league as the possible fuel market. 

I think part of the problem that we have not addressed is marketing and letting students know what they can do. All they realize is that it is challenging, it is a high activation barrier to get into the sciences, and that is all they see. Our jobs as professors are not very glamorous, and they do not see any of the other possibilities, or understand what those of us who are faculty enjoy about the jobs. 

There are other possible explanations as well. First, the data are consistent with an increasingly global marketplace for pharmaceuticals. If firms have over time tried to market new drugs in more countries, one would expect to see an increase in the number of foreign trials, because foreign governments often expect marketing applications will be supported at least partly by clinical research conducted in their countries. 

Methanol is often used, but ethanol would be better because it can be made by fermentation. There is a problem with the small amounts of stearates present crystallizing out in cold winters. The use of isopropyl alcohol reduces this problem. The other possibility is to crystallize it out at the plant before it reaches the market. A better solution might be to use a desaturase to introduce a double bond into the stearate. Transesterification of rapeseed oil with 14.6% lipase from C. rugosa (with no added solvent) took place in 1 h.180 When the level of enzyme was dropped to 0.3% the... 

The pricing of other interest rate products, both cash and derivatives, that was described in previous chapters used rigid mathematical principles. This was possible because what happens to these instruments at maturity is known, allowing their fair values to be calculated. With options, however, the outcome at expiry is uncertain, since they may or may not be exercised. This uncertainty about final outcomes makes options more difficult to price than other financial market instruments. 

As the market for vinyl chloride grew, major petrochemical companies without existing chlorination capabilities looked to other possible routes. With falling ethylene prices, the route pursued was the addition of chlorine to ethylene, to give ethylene dichloride (EDC, 1, 2-dichloroethane), and the thermal cracking of EDC at about 550°C to vinyl chloride and HCl. 

PHAs are moisture-resistant and have gas barrier properties similar to the best coated Aims. They have potential use as plastic moisture barriers. Possible markets include mulch Aims, food and agricultural packaging, drink cartons, feminine hygiene products, disposable diapers, and disposable kitchen items, such as plastic Aims which are difficult to separate for recycling. Coatings may be applied with PHA as an amorphous latex which can be either reconstituted from the crystalline form of the polymer or obtained directly from a bacterial suspension by enzymatically dissolving the other cellular components. In the latter case, it... 

The introduction of a new antimicrobial compound is only possible if legal registration requirements can be met. However, these requirements differ in many European countries and also in other relevant markets like USA, Canada and Japan. In Europe, the biocidal products directive (BPD) will harmonize the registration of such products. 

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