Bacteria, infection

Bacteriophage- Virus that infects bacteria, often with destruction or lysis of the host cell. 

A bacteriophage (or phage) is a vims, made up of aDNA or RNA core and a protein coat that may infect bacteria. 

Toxoid vaccines. Toxoid vaccines are preparations derived fiom the toxins that are seereted by eertain species of bacteria, hi the manufacture of such vaccines, the toxin is separated fiem the bacteria and treated in a way that eliminates toxicity without eliminating immunogenicity. Formalin (ca. 38% of formaldehyde gas in water) is used for this purpose and consequently the treated toxins are often referred to as formol toxoids. Toxoid vaccines are veiy effective in the prevention of those diseases such as diphtheria and tetanus in which the harmful effects of the infecting bacteria are due to the deleterious action of bacterial toxins on physiology and biochemistry. 

Goodacre, R. Timmins, E. M. Burton, R. Kaderbhai, N. Woodwards, A. M. Kell, D. B. Rooney, P. J. Rapid identification of urinary tract infection bacteria using... 

Penetration The means by which the vims penetrates into the cell depends on the nature of the host cell, especially on its surface stmctures. Cells with cell walls, such as bacteria, are infected in a different manner from animal cells, which lack a cell wall. The most complicated penetration mechanisms have been found in viruses that infect bacteria. The bacteriophage T4, which infects E. coli, can be used as an example. 

Most of the bacterial viruses which have been studied in any detail infect bacteria of the enteric group, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. However, viruses are known that infect a variety of procaryotes, both eubacteria and archaebacteria. A few bacterial viruses have lipid envelopes but most do not. However,... 

A number of bacterial viruses have RNA genomes. The best-known bacterial RNA viruses have single-stranded RNA. Interestingly, the bacterial RNA viruses known in the enteric bacteria group infect only bacterial cells which behave as gene donors (males) in genetic recombination. This restriction to male bacterial cells arises because these viruses infect bacteria by attaching to male-specific pili. Since such pili are absent on female cells, these RNA viruses are unable to attach to the females, and hence do not initiate infection in females. 

It is also very important, if possible, to discontinue or lower the doses of drugs with anticholinergic effects antihistamines, antipsychotics, antidepressants, uro-logic spasmolytics, anti-arrhythmics, drugs for Parkinson s disease and more. Prophylactic treatment against Candida infection, bacteria and caries can also be useful (Mouly et al. 2007). 

Arber s work was inspired by an earlier discovery of the famous Italian-American microbiologist Salvador Luria (1912-1991). In 1942, Luria discovered that bacteria, like humans, seem to have mechanisms for protecting themselves from attacking viruses. Viruses that infect bacteria have a special name bacteriophages. Arber discovered that this defensive system consisted of two parts (1) a group of enzymes (restriction enzymes) that... 

To figure out how genes work and how they direct the production of specific proteins that allow organisms to inherit traits, scientists started with the fact that chromosomes were known to be made up of protein and DNA. A series of experiments using bacteria and viruses that infect bacteria established that DNA, not protein, was the basic genetic material. Scientists figured out how DNA worked as the genetic material, how it was copied when a cell divided into two identical cells, and how DNA determined traits—that is, determined the sequence of amino acids in each protein that allow different traits to be expressed. 

Mechanism of Action An antitubercular whose exact mechanism of action is unknown. Therapeutic Effect Either bacteriostatic or bactericidal, depending on the drug s concentration at the infection site and the susceptibility of infecting bacteria. Pharmacokinetics Nearly completely absorbed from GI tract. Protein binding 5%-10%. Excreted in urine. Half-life 9-23 hr. 

Bello, L.J. Bessman, M.J. The enzymology of virus-infected bacteria, IV. Purification and properties of the deoxynucleotide kinase induced by bacteriophage T2. J. Biol. Chem., 238, 1777-1787 (1963)... 

Centrifuge the infected bacteria at 3300g for 10 min Gently resuspend the pellet in 30 mL of 2X TY-AMP-KAN. 

Some shams of the bacterium Escherichia coii harbor a dormant virus called lambda, which consists of a long molecule of DNA enclosed in protein Exposure of such infected bacteria to ultraviolet light suddenly switches oil these inactive lambda. The viruses proliferate and some 45 minutes after irradiation the bacteria burst, yielding a crop of new virus particles. If the bacteria are not irradiated, they grow normally, and rarely give rise spontaneously to viruses. 

The reproduction mechanism of Q(3, an RNA virus capable of infecting bacteria, is shown schematically in Fig. 1. During the replication of RNA,... 

Here are two practical protocols for phage production starting from a stock culture of infected bacteria (stored in 40% glycerol at —80 °C) ... 

Infection Bacteria inflammation has an inhibitory effect on wound healing... 

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