Original research, reports papers

Table I gives an overview of selected nitrogen systems thus far studied at high pressures and high or low temperatures by means of in situ DAC experiments. For each system, we list the initial molecular species loaded in the DAC, the range of pressures and temperatures examined, the data reported (R, IR, Opt, Dif, EC and NMR denote Raman, infrared, optical spectra, x-ray or neutron diffraction, electrical conductivity and magnetic nuclear resonance). We also indicate the phases observed, whether involving the initial molecular species (denoted by M) or a different species (denoted nonmolecular, NM, if not specifically identified) that becomes prominent at high P and T. The references cited include the original research reports that provide experimental data and most theoretical papers pertinent to these studies.

We are grateful to Mrs. U. Behrend for competent technical assistance and to Prof. O. Fennema and two unknown reviewers for critical and helpful comments. Original research reported in this paper was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. 

Financial support to help obtain the original data reported here was provided by the Oklahoma Mining and Minerals Resources Research Institute. Bruce L. Roberts and James F. Rathman obtained this data. Kevin L. Stellner drafted the Figures in this paper. 

The following table provides a comprehensive guide to the selection of thin-layer chromatography media and solvents for a given chemical family. Mixed mobile phases are denoted with a slash, /, between components and where available the proportions are given. Among the references are several excellent texts,13 60 review articles,4 24 and original research papers and reports.25 59 6198 A table of abbreviations follows this section. 

Pharmacotherapy seeks out and publishes original, clinically relevant research, evidence-based reviews about drugs and therapeutics, and pharmacoeconomic and population-based therapeutic outcomes studies. Instructive case reports are also published. Editorial departments within the journal include Original Research Articles, Brief Reports, Reviews of Therapeutics, Mini-Reviews, Practice Insights, and Case Reports. The American College of Clinical Pharmacy publishes all of its official papers (e.g., official position statements, white papers) as well as its meeting abstracts in Pharmacotherapy. With some regularity. Pharmacotherapy publishes peer-re-viewed supplements. 

We are indebted to many of our colleagues and associates for their help through critical discussions, making available data prior to publication, and reviewing unpublished versions of a Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory report from which much of this information is drawn. In particular, we would like to express our appreciation to Dr. Chi-Hyuck Jun, who assisted the senior author with many of the calculations. Finally, the senior author would like to acknowledge the debt he owes to his former teacher at Harvard University, Professor R. M. Garrels, under whom some of the research reported in this paper was originally conducted. 

Once you know the function of your paper and have identified its audience, review your material for completeness or excess. Then, organize your material into the standard format introduction, experimental details or theoretical basis, results, discussion, and conclusions. This format has become standard because it is suitable for most reports of original research, it is basically logical, and it is easy to use. The reason it accommodates most reports of original research is that it parallels the scientific method of deductive reasoning define the problem, create a hypothesis, devise an experiment to test the hypothesis, conduct the experiment, and draw conclusions. Furthermore, this format enables the reader to understand quickly what is being presented and to find specific information easily. This ability is crucial now more than ever because scientists, if not all professionals, must read much more material than their time seems to allow. 

Use the standard format, which is described next, for reports of original research but not necessarily for literature reviews or theoretical papers. Present all parts of your paper as concisely as possible. 

I thank Dr. K. Yanagiguchi, Dr. T. Ikeda, Dr. N. Ohara, Dr. S. Yamada, Dr. T. Matsunaga, and Dr. M. Fujiwara. The original works reported in this paper were supported in part by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan. 

The OCHZ published various original papers, summaries of artieles from other journals, reviews, eommunieations about patents, short reviews of re-eently edited books, questions from readers to be answered by experts, reports from industry and trade and announcements and reports from VOCH. Also the Chemisch-Physikalische Gesellschaft decided to publish its minutes in the OCHZ. However, we cannot find in OCHZ original research papers in contrast to the publications of other chemical societies (like Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft or American Chemical Society) as there had existed since 1880 the Mormtshefte fiir Chemie (Chemical Monthly)," where most Austrian chemists published their scientific papers. The intended readers of OCHZ were mainly chemists from industry (chemical and food) and administration, who wanted information about industrial developments in Austria and abroad, about new institutions, biographical notes about famous chemists and reports summarizing new developments in various fields of chemistry. 

Some studies of nuclei acids have also been reported. The field of NMR studies of RNA dynamics was the subject of several reviews. Among original research papers, I wish to mention the work by Thakur and Dayie " who proposed a labelling scheme for RNA and found it useful as a tool for obtaining more precise dynamic information derived from relaxation measurements. Takayama and Clore studied interaction between DNA and transcription factors. Using enhancement of the transverse relaxation of Hn protons in the protein caused by a paramagnetic (Mn(II)-EDTA) label attached to DNA, they were able to demonstrate the occurrence of sparsely populated transient states of the protein-DNA complexes. 

All of the reports, papers, and oral presentations constitute communication. But, in an information sense, such forms of exchange are filtered and subject to noise. The reports only contain a fraction of what is in the original log, and papers contain a personal interpretive flavor. Oral presentations may be less connected to fact, are ephemeral, and may be affected by the fluency of the speaker and the attention of the listener. A return to the original notebooks usually finds that they are difficult to follow because of arcane notations, or incompleteness. Even the flow of the research is difficult to track since many activities are usually intertwined. 

Compositional analysis is concerned with determining structural relationships in the molecules present in a sample. Inhared spectroscopy is the most commonly used tool for qualitative chemical analysis of viscous oils. Descriptions and tables of characteristic absorbance for a variety of organic functional groups are readily available in many textbooks. Techniques for quantitative anal3rsis for many additives and some hydrocarbon types are available, although few have been issued as ASTM standards. Reports on new methods are commonly reported in the chemistry literature. To locate information on new analytical methods, a most useful reference is the bi-aimual Application Review published by the American Chemical Society. These have appeared recently in the June 15 issue of Analytical Chemistry in odd-numbered years. Recent reviews cover coal, crude oil, shale oil, heavy oils (natural and refined), lubricants, natural gas, and refined products and source rocks. Extensive references to original research papers are provided. A complimentary Fundamental Review covering the basic analytical techniques is published in even-numbered years. 

The principal ways in which waste rubber can be re-used by incorporating it into this wide range of matrices are covered in Sections 7J1-7.6. The main approach used in these sections is to disseminate the information and describe the work that has been carried out in academia, industry and research organisations to provide recent examples from the published literature. Readers who are interested in a particular area can then obtain an entry point into the field by accessing these original papers and research reports. 

Advances in Chemistry Series was founded in 1949 by the American Chemical Society as an outlet for symposia and collections of data in special areas of topical interest that could not be accommodated in the Society s journals. It provides a medium for symposia that would otherwise be fragmented, their papers distributed among several journals or not published at all. Papers are refereed critically according to ACS editorial standards and receive the careful attention and processing characteristic of ACS publications. Papers published in Advances in Chemistry Series are original contributions not published elsewhere in whole or major part and include reports of research as well as reviews since symposia may embrace both types of presentation. 

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