Population transient

Engel, V. and Metiu, H. (1990). CH3ONO predissociation by ultrashort laser pulses Population transients and product state distribution, J. Chem. Phys. 92, 2317-2327. 

Some studies of nuclei acids have also been reported. The field of NMR studies of RNA dynamics was the subject of several reviews. Among original research papers, I wish to mention the work by Thakur and Dayie " who proposed a labelling scheme for RNA and found it useful as a tool for obtaining more precise dynamic information derived from relaxation measurements. Takayama and Clore studied interaction between DNA and transcription factors. Using enhancement of the transverse relaxation of Hn protons in the protein caused by a paramagnetic (Mn(II)-EDTA) label attached to DNA, they were able to demonstrate the occurrence of sparsely populated transient states of the protein-DNA complexes. 

A. Sekhar and L. E. Kay, NMR Paves the Way for Atomic Level Descriptions of Sparsely Populated, Transiently Formed Biomolecular Conformers, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2013, 110, 12867. 

The methods diseussed so far, fluoreseenee upeonversion, the various pump-probe speetroseopies, and the polarized variations for the measurement of anisotropy, are essentially eonventional speetroseopies adapted to the femtoseeond regime. At the simplest level of interpretation, the infonnation eontent of these eonventional time-resolved methods pertains to populations in resonantly prepared or probed states. As applied to ehemieal kineties, for most slow reaetions (on the ten pieoseeond and longer time seales), populations adequately speeify the position of the reaetion eoordinate intemiediates and produets show up as time-delayed speetral entities, and assignment of the transient speetra to ehemieal stnietures follows, in most oases, the same prinoiples used in speotrosoopio experiments perfomied with oontinuous wave or nanoseoond pulsed lasers. 

In all antiseptic testing, it is recognized that skin and mucous membranes to which products ate appHed cannot be disinfected or sterilized but it is possible to significantly reduce the population of transient and resident pathogenic bacterial flora. AH in vivo test methods requite a deterrnination of the bacteria on the skin before and after treatment. Because of the normal variation in bacterial population of the skin of different people, a number of people must be tested in order to make a statistical analysis of the results. Different parts of the body are used for different tests. In aH of the tests the details of the protocol ate extremely important and must be strictly adhered to in order to obtain reproducible results. 

Keep in mind that we are not reeommending that your drivers should not be trained. On the eontrary, if it is reasonable to train the drivers, it is an exeellent idea. However, the truek driver population often is transient by nature. After you have invested time and money to train a driver it ean be diflfieult to ensure that you will be able to reap the benefits from this training. Drivers ean be dispatehed to a variety of plaees for a variety of reasons. Keeping this in mind, it makes sense to manage so that the drivers would not be required to be HAZWOPER trained. 

Compatibility with Personnel Expectations Compatibility refers to the degree of similarity between the direction of physical movement of a control or an instrument indicator and the worker s expectations. Many errors are due to the fact that the operation of the controls or the layout of the displays is incompatible with population stereotypes. For instance, on a control panel it is customary to increase the value of a parameter by turning the appropriate switch clockwise and reduce its value by turning it coimterclockwise. (Note that this stereotype is the opposite for controls which control flow directly, e.g., valves.) If such a stereotype is violated, errors may occur. Although such errors may be recoverable in the short run, under the stress of a process transient they may lead to serious consequences. 

The technique of transient or quasi steady slate photoinduced absorption (PIA allows the population of excited states and also probing the optical transitions... 

Direct evidence for the competition of two counteracting contributions to the transient absorption changes stems from the temporal evolution of the transmission change at 560 nm. From Figure 10-3 it can be seen that the positive transmission change due to the stimulated emission decays very fast, on a time scale of picoseconds. On the other hand the typical lifetime of excitations in the 5, slate is in the order of several hundred picoseconds. Therefore, one has to conclude that the stimulated emission decay is not due to the decay of the. Sj-population (as is typically the case in dye solutions). The decay is instead attributed to the transiei.i build up of spatially separated charged excitations that absorb at this wavelength. 

The next question is What is the rate at which the strongly bonded state of oxygen is supplied and populated during the catalytic transient of Figure 5.2a Clearly it is again of the order I/2F, since in Figs. 5.2a, 5.2b and 5.2c the time constants are all similar, i.e. 2FNq/I. 

Dynamic simulations for an isothermal, continuous, well-mixed tank reactor start-up were compared to experimental moments of the polymer distribution, reactant concentrations, population density distributions and media viscosity. The model devloped from steady-state data correlates with experimental, transient observations. Initially the reactor was void of initiator and polymer. 

Delwart EL, Pan H, Neumann A, Markowitz M (1998) Rapid, transient changes at the env locus of plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 populations during the emergence fo protease inhibitor resistance. J Virol 72 2416-2421... 

Obviously the various transient microstructures realized in a given system and their relative populations are not decided solely by the nature of the amphiphile, but are the result... 

Hygienic hand disinfection. Hygienic hand disinfection is a term used to denote the killing and removal of transient microorganisms on the skin, i.e. those germs that literally come and go and which do not therefore form part of the resident skin population. Essentially, hygienic hand disinfection is a measure to prevent the transmission of these organisms. It can be achieved in two ways. 

Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) have been shown to improve vascular outcomes due to their cholesterol-lowering effects as well as multiple pleiotropic effects. In high-risk populations, statin therapy is known to reduce the risk of vascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. A meta-analysis of 10 trials involving 79,494 subjects showed that statin therapy reduced the incidence of stroke by 18%, major coronary events by 27%, and all-cause mortality by 15%. The SPARCL trial recently showed that high-dose HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors prevent recurrent stroke and transient ischemic attacks. ... 

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