Orienting field intensity

The analysis performed allows one to judge qualitatively about the processes, which go on in a spectrum when the Stark structure of rotational transitions is averaged by fluctuations of the orienting field. If y decreases, x being fixed, the resolved Stark structure with the intense Q-branch in the centre transforms into the spectrum of a quasi-free rotator. If x < 1, the spectrum may be singlet in the intermediate region. 

Le Kien, F. Liang, J. Q. Hakuta, K. Balykin, V. I., Field intensity distributions and polariza tion orientations in a vacuum clad subwavelength diameter optical fiber, Opt. Commun. 2004, 242,445 456... 

Another method used to vary the AG° of the recombination reaction without chemical modification of the centers, consists of placing the system in an electric field whose orientation and intensity are well defined [141]. However, the energy level shifts induced by the field also change the electronic factors, so that the interpretation of the experimental results is not straightforward. Bixon and Jortner have proposed using electric field effects to elucidate the nature of the primary electron step in bacterial photosystems [142], a problem that will be discussed in Sect. 3.5. One basic difficulty encountered in this method is the evaluation of the internal field effectively seen by the redox centers in the membrane. 

The problem of influence of the electric field intensity on the permittivity of solvents has been discussed in many papers. The high permittivity of water results from the intermolecular forces and is a cumulative property. The electric field intensity is the lowest at the potential of zero charge (pzc), thus allowing water molecules to adsorb in clusters. When the electrode is polarized, the associated molecules, linked with hydrogen bonds, can dissociate due to a change in the energy of their interaction with the electrode. Moreover, the orientation of water molecules may also change when the potential is switched from one side of the pzc to the otha. 

C-labelled active plant protection substances for 13 years (17, 18). The results indicate that intensive cooperation between plant protection chemists, phytopathologists, phytophysiologists and specialists in the radioisotope techniques is necessary to fully exploit the application possibilities and to interpret the results. The special experimental facilities at the JUlich Nuclear Research Center which include practically oriented field tests supplemented by detailed studies under defined climatic conditions enable practical and relevant results to be obtained (17-19). The aim of this contribution is to provide new insights and information on the system effectiveness and residue behavior of azole fungicides. 

Materials and nanochemistry is a highly multidisciplinary field. The research in these areas will involve increasingly sophisticated fabrication and characterization facilities. There is a growing demand for specialized, capital-intensive clean rooms that can be used for nonelectronics applications. Collaborations will continue to become more important at the interface between materials and nanochemistry. Both international collaborations and strong partnerships between industrial and academic researchers will become more prevalent in this technology-oriented field. 

This difference in behavior between the two types of materials is related once again to the presence of domains and the ease or difficulty with which they can be induced to migrate and/or demagnetize. In the discussion up to this point, M was treated as if it were a unique function of //, but the actual situation is more complicated M depends on the relative orientation of the various crystallographic planes to the direction of the applied field intensity. In other words, it exhibits orientation anisotropy. Also M depends on the shape of the crystal being magnetized i.e., it exhibits shape anisotropy. This shape factor is quite important e.g., it is much easier to magnetize a... 

It follows then that as the electrical field intensity increases across a dielectric, the stiffness or the elastance of the dielectric increases. This comes about by physical compaction of the particles in the diffuse layer and by strong orientation of the dipoles or the polarization of charges in the compact layer. Hence, as the electrical field intensity is increased by compression of DDL, the capacitance of the system decreases due to polarization. An example of a similar behavior has been shown in thin electrolyte films between silica surfaces, where the dielectric permitiv-ity decreases with increasing electrolyte concentration, resulting in increasing field strength across the thin film (Israelachvili and Adams, 1978 Pashley, 1981 Basu, 1993). 

While the activation of peripheral nerves depends mainly on the derivative of the electric field along the nerve fiber [Maccabee et al., 1993], the most relevant parameter for activation of brain structures seems to be the electric field intensity [Amassian et al., 1992 Thielscher and Kammer, 2002]. In both cases, however. Physiological studies indicate that optimal activation occurs when the field is oriented in the same direction as the nerve fiber [Durand et al., 1989 Roth and Basser 1990 Basser and Roth 1991, Brasil-Neto et al., 1992, Mills et al., 1992, Pascual-Leone et al., 1994, Niehaus et al., 2000, Kammer et al., 2001]. Hence, in order to stimulate deep brain regions, it is necessary to use coils in such an orientation... 

Kumar and coworkers proposed a mechanism on the basis of the observation that an electric field component in the direction of mass flow was required (Yang et ah, 2006 Bian et al., 2000 Viswanathan et ah, 1999a Kumar et ah, 1998). This force is essentially an optical gradient force (Chaumet and Nieto-Vesperinas, 2000 Ashkin, 1997, 1970). Spatial variation of light (electric field intensity and orientation) leads to a variation of the material susceptibility, %, at the sample surface. The electric field then polarizes the material. The induced polarization is related to the light intensity and local susceptibility ... 

In a homogeneous electric field, such a wave function will not be a constant but will have a single maximum for the electric field direction (and the minimum for the opposite direction). For any field intensity, this will correspond to the state of the lowest energy. This is namral because a dipole should have a tendency to align along the orientation of the electric field. 

Here, P is the rapidly stored charge density normalized by the field intensity E P is contributed from the bare capacitor and the distortion of the electron cloud/chemical bonds. AP corresponds to the saturated orientation of dipoles at f = oo, and the factor 1 - (f) (= 0 and 1 at f = 0 and >) is the normalized dielectric retardahon funchon reflecting the molecular motion. The function (t) (= 1 and 0 at f = 0 and °°), referred to as the normalized dielectric relaxation function, is most straightforwardly related to the molecular motion, as explained later for Equation (3.21) (f) specifies the relaxation (or decay) of D(f) on removal of the electric field E after full saturation of the charge density see Figure 3.1c ... 

Ep was determined from the intensity change in absorbance caused by the orientation of NLO chromophore, using electrochromic theory (17,18). The orientation-induced intensity change in absorbance can be related to the electric field, using the following equation. 

Streaming Current and Electroviscosity, Fig. 2 Fluid charge distributions, electrostatic field orientations, force orientations, and intensities for positive and negative surface charges... 

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