Physiological studies

Immersion electrodes are the most common glass electrodes. These are roughly cylindrical and consist of a barrel or stem of inert glass that is sealed at the lower end to a tip, which is often hemispherical, of special pH-responsive glass. The tip is completely immersed in the solution during measurements. Miniature and microelectrodes are also used widely, particularly in physiological studies. Capillary electrodes permit the use of small samples and provide protection from exposure to air during the measurements, eg, for the determination of blood pH. This type of electrode may be provided with a water jacket for temperature control. 

Finally, a new class of antispermatogenic agents containing the same fundamental structure cited above has been described (76JMC778). 1-Halobenzyl-l J/-indazole-3-carboxylic acids are potentially useful for birth control, and because they act after a single administration they are of interest for the physiological study of the male reproductive system. 

Numerous physiological studies have addressed the optimum pedal cadence, but these studies usually miss the point because they focus on the seemingly important factor of efficiency. 

Stavarek, S.J. Rains, D.W. (19846) Cell culture techniques Selection and physiological studies of salt tolerance. In Salinity Tolerance in Plants Strategies for Crop Improvement, ed. R.C. Staples and G.H. Toeniessen, pp. 321-34. New York Wiley. 

Von Keyserlingk, H.C. and Willis, R.J. (1992). The GABA-activated CL channel in insects as a target for insecticide action—a physiological study. In D. Otto and B. Weber (Eds.) Insecticides Mechanism of Action and Resistance. Andover, U.K. Intercept. 

A different type of physiological study that also influenced the alchemists and which bore an eschatological connotation was Andreas Vesalius De humani corporis fahrica libri septem (Basel Johannes Oporinus, 1543). The intriguing aspect of Vesalian anatomical illustration is the visual ambiguity of tbe cadavers as to whether they are truly dead, or still alive in some manner. In these pictures the bodies appear in various states of dismemberment, giving them the Christ-like pathos of Christian martyrs in painted narratives. Anatomy in... 

Calabresi, P, Centonze, D, Marfia, GA, Pisani, A and Bernardi, G (1999) An in vitro electro-physiological study on the effects of phenytoin, lamotrigine and gabapentia on striatal neurons. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 126 689-696. 

Soar, C. J., J. Speirs et al. (2004). Gradients in stomatal conductance, xylem sap ABA and bulk leaf ABA along canes of Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz Molecular and physiological studies investigating their source. Fund. Plant Biol. 31(6) 659-669. 

Nakajima, M. 1963. Physiological studies on the function of genes concerning carotenoid permeability in the silkworm. Bull. Fac. Agric. Tokyo Univ. Agric. Technol., 8 1-80. 

Fukui, H. (2005). Review of some molecular and physiological studies of histamine HI receptor function (Hiroshi Wada Symposium). Inflamm. Res. 54 (suppl. 1), S52-3. 

The microscopic approach looks at heterogeneous properties of the tissue and has been developed for plant material on the basis of plant physiology studies on the effect of osmosis on water balance and transport in growing plants. 

With these motivations as a driving force, the research into NIR based brain activity monitoring have blossomed in the past 20 years with growing number of potential applications. So far, brain activity monitoring has seen applications in physiological studies of brain disfunction, preterm neonatal care, education and training, and cognitive workload assessment. 

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