Electrochromic theory

Ep was determined from the intensity change in absorbance caused by the orientation of NLO chromophore, using electrochromic theory (17,18). The orientation-induced intensity change in absorbance can be related to the electric field, using the following equation. 

Excited state properties of molecules are often important parameters in different models of interacting systems and chemical reactions. For example, excited state polarizabilities are key quantities in the description of electrochromic and solva-tochromic shifts [99-103]. In gas phase there has been a series of experiments were excited state polarizabilities have been determined from Laser Stark spectroscopy by Hese and coworkers [104-106]. However, in the experiments most often not all the tensor components can be determined uniquely without extra information from either theory or other experiments. 

Electrochromic displays were claimed to be fundamentally unsuited for matrix addressing. However, in his Theory of Electrochemical Memory Beni stressed that matrix addressing of electrochromic displays should be possible by the choice of appropriate etorolytes which control both threshold and short-circuit memory. The number of lines which can be matrix addressed sequentially is shown to be in the range 10 to 10 . 

Metal/semiconductor, 19-2, 19-4—19-10 Metal-containing polythiophenes, 13-33-13-37 Metal-insulator transition (MIT), 16-2 Metallic box model, 15-65-15-66 Metallic islands, 16-2, 16-5, 16-9, 16-17 Metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs, 8-77 Metal-polyaniline composite, 7-26 in-situ metathesis reaction, 7-29 Meta-substituted polyanilines, 7-36-7-38 Microcontact printing, 8-56, 8-58 p, CP, 9-28-9-27 of rr-PATs, 9-28-9-30 Microdisk lasers, 22-56, 22-57-22-61 Micro-fibers, 16-3, 16-5, 16-11-16-12 Micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC), 9-27 Microring laser, 22-21, 22-54-22-57 Microscopic cracks, 9-24 Microtransfer molding (p TM), 9-28-9-27 Microwave electrochromism, 20-49-20-50 Miller—Abrahams theory, 2-4-2-5, 2-19 MM and DD calculations, 1-24 Mobility edge (Ec), 15-8, 15-20, 15-42 Mobility, 2-2-2-3, 2-5, 2-9, 2-17, 2-19, 9-24-9-26, 9-33-9-34... 

We applied the theory of electrochromism (Stark effect) to our data according to [4,5,6]. 

The above-mentioned W /W intervalence transition model implies a certain delocalization of electrons which is consistent with the enhancement of conductivity that accompanies the insertion process. However, athough this is the most accepted theory, other models, including a non-localized electron model [14], are currently proposed to explain the electrochromic... 

The investigation of transient ionic currents in electrochromic devices is still in the initial stage. The theory of Frenning et al. [2003] constitutes a good starting point for detailed comparisons with experiments, but further developments are probably needed in order to reach a thorough understanding. 

Much information about the kinetics of electrochromic devices can be obtained from impedance spectroscopy or transient current measurements. In particular, the transient current technique is a promising method for device testing. It is based on the well-known transient ion current technique used in studies of ion conduction and it is less time consuming than impedance spectroscopy. More efforts should be devoted to development of theory as well as to detailed comparison with experimental data. 

Small-Signal A-C Response Theory for Electrochromic Thin Films, J. Electrochem. Soc. 129, 1754-1756. 

The electronic and chemical behavior of these compounds presents many intriguing features that have not only led to new theories in chemistry and physics but also made them potential candidates for many interesting devices including diodes, battery electrodes, sensors, and electrochromic displays. Because a number of these potential applications are electrochemical, it is necessary to consider the... 

FIGURE 16.9. Computed spectral reflectance R for a 0.2-pm-thick slab of a material characterized by a theory for heavily doped semiconductors with ionized impurity scattering of the charge carriers. The electron density is denoted n,.. (From Granqvist, C., Handbook of Inorganic Electrochromic Materials, Elsevier Science, 1995. With permission.)... 

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