Biochemical approaches

When one measures the amount of hormone bound to an intact cell at 37°C, this represents a sum of surface-bound hormone plus hormone that has since been internalized (and is in an intact or partially degraded form). It should be noted that 

From the biochemical approaches discussed thus far, one can conclude that a given hormone may be internalized by RME. Conclusive evidence for such internalization, however, can only be obtained by concurrent morphological data as described 

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Penninks AH, Seinen W (1980) The lymphocyte as target of toxicity a biochemical approach to dialkyltin induced immunosuppression. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Immunological System as Target for Toxic Damage. Advances in Immunopharmacology, 2 41-60. 

Thompson HM, Langton SD, Hart ADM. 1995. Prediction of inter-species differences in the toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides to wildlife—a biochemical approach. Comp Biochem Physiol 111C 1-12. 

For future research in this field, in addition to physiological and biochemical approaches, genetic analysis will be essential in the establishment of causal relationships between the induction of a stress protein and the establishment of tolerance to the stress condition. In most cases it is not difficult to detect the induction of new proteins during stress. However, the induction of new proteins does not necessarily establish stress tolerance it may well be the consequence of damage caused by stress conditions. Thus, genetic mutants will be necessary to test the physiological role of a stress protein. 

Biochemical approaches are often fundamental in illuminating the causes of diseases and in designing appropriate therapies. 

Despite these valuable insights, over a century of cytological observation has shed little light on the identity of the sister chromatid cohesion apparatus. In the absence of a biochemical approach, one way forward was inspired guesswork. Once it appeared likely that chromosomes contained one double stranded DNA... 

Ambrose, S. H. and M. A. Katzenberg (eds.) (2001), Biochemical Approaches to Palaeodi-etary Analysis, Kluwer, New York. 

Despite their absence in phycobilisomes, carotenoids, especially the so-called secondary carotenoids such as echinenone, were presumed to play a role in cyanobacterial photoprotection. Indeed, classic biochemical approaches have led to several reports of cyanobacterial carotenoid-proteins and evidence for their photoprotective function (Kerfeld et al. 2003, Kerfeld 2004b). One of these, the water soluble orange carotenoid protein (OCP), has been structurally characterized and has recently emerged as a key player in cyanobacterial photoprotection. 

Biochemical Approach to Study Oxidative Damage in Plants Exposed to Allelochemical Stress A Case Study... 

The availability of data from the public sequencing projects has enabled the use of nucleotide sequence information from genomes and ESTs to complement biochemical approaches, and to assemble a new, clearer working map of plant Ci... 

In microsomes from Sinapis alba L.,33,34 Tropaeolum majus L.,35,36 and Carica papaya L.,37 the aromatic amino acids (tyrosine and phenylalanine) have been shown to be converted to the corresponding oximes by cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases. The conversion of tyrosine to the corresponding oxime in microsomes from S. alba was approximately 1000 fold lower than in microsomes from the cyanogenic sorghum.33 This made a biochemical approach for the isolation... 

Physiological and biochemical approaches have yielded increasingly detailed information about mechanisms underlying the transduction of... 

Basak, S. C., Mills, D., Gute, B. D. Predicting bioactivity and toxicity of chemicals from mathematical descriptors A chemical-cum-biochemical approach. In Advances in Quantum Chemistry, Klein, D. J., Brandas, E., Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004, in press. 

It has recently been demonstrated (191) that the nature and location of lipid A primary fatty acids is determined by the specificity of the enzymes UDP-GlcpNAc-G-acyltransferase and UDP-3-6>-[(i )-hydroxyacyl]-GlcpN-N-acyltransferase for acyl - acyl carrier protein (acyl ACP). The analysis of the acyl ACP specificity of these O- and A-acyltransferases should, therefore, constitute a biochemical approach for elucidation of the location of primary fatty acids in lipid A (191). 

Aureolic acid group of antibiotics We have given below an extended summary of the work done with this group of antibiotics, because we have been actively involved in understanding the mode of action of these DNA-binding antibiotics. The summary also illustrates the model example of how different biophysical and biochemical approaches were undertaken to characterize the association of these drugs with chromosomal DNA and the sequential effect of this binding upon the chromatin structure. 

Some of the insights that these techniques have brought to the field of chromatin research are described in this chapter. In some cases, microscopy has served simply to confirm conclusions obtained from less direct, but powerful biochemical approaches. In other cases, however, studies with imaging techniques are described where the information could only be obtained by microscopy, because of the spatial or temporal resolution that the microscope can provide. 

In Vitro Systems. Different biochemical approaches provide a variety of methods for comparing and evaluating fiber toxicity. Organ cultures, cultured cells, and cells in suspension from humans and animals can be exposed to fibrous materials or, alternatively, cells from treated animals, bacterial cells, and so on can be used. Many hundreds of experiments have been performed, but it is difficult to apply the results, and in many cases extrapolation to humans is not warranted. Nevertheless, cell systems provide excellent data on which to base our understanding of the mechanisms related to fiber-induced disease a few selected examples follow. 

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