Milk, levels

Lino CM, da Silveira MIN. 1992. Organophosphorus pesticide residues in cow s milk Levels of c/s -mevinfos, methyl-parathion, and paraoxon. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 49 211-216. 

Korrick, S. A. and L. Altshul. 1998. High breast milk levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) among four women living adjacent to a PCB-contaminated waste site. Environ. Health Perspec. 106 513-518. 

In a study in which dams were dosed with 1 or 10 mg/kg of mirex on days 2-5 postpartum, mirex was found in the stomach milk of pups (Kavlock et al. 1980). Mirex appeared in the milk in direct proportion to the dose. Mirex was also distributed to the liver, brain, and eyes of the pups in the approximate ratio of 40 4 1 (Kavlock et al. 1980). Mirex tissue levels paralleled milk levels (Kavlock et al. 1980). 

Eljarrat E, Guerra P, Martinez E, Farre M, Alvarez JG, L6pez-Teij6n M, Barcelo D (2009) Hexabromocyclododecane in human breast milk levels and enantiomeric patterns. Environ Sci Technol 43 1940-1946... 

Antithyroid agent Bioavailability (%) Protein binding (%) Transplacental passage Breast milk levels (M P)2 Half-life (h)... 

Sharpe suggested that DDE (which inhibits male sex hormones—androgens—and is an antiandrogen ) may play a role in the hypothesized increases in diseases or problems in the male reproductive tract35 However, breast-milk levels of DDE (a commonly used measure for DDE exposures) are comparable in all four Scandinavian countries and therefore do not correlate with... 

PBBs are 107-119 times more concentrated in milk than in serum. Also, adipose PBB levels are 1.1-1.5 times higher than the breast milk levels when milk levels were 100 g/kg. 

Whole milk contains, on average, 0.06 mg B6 per 100 g, mainly in the form of pyridoxal (80%) the balance is mainly pyridoxamine (20%), with trace amounts of pyridoxamine phosphate. Concentrations in raw ovine and pasteurized caprine milks are similar to those in cows milk (0.08 and 0.06 mg per 100 g, respectively). The concentration of B6 varies during lactation colostum contains lower levels than mature milk. Seasonal variation in the concentration of vitamin B6 has been reported in Finnish milk levels were higher (14%) when cattle were fed outdoors than when they were fed indoors. Mature human milk contains about 0.01 mg B6 per 100 g. 

In the Middle East, non-exposed Israeli women also had high PCB milk levels with the colostrum level about half that found in the milk later on. This may be explained by the lower fat content of the colostrum (ref. 80, p. 474). 

TCDD content of total breast milk was significantly higher in 4 of 14 mothers with children exhibiting abnormal bleeding Breast milk level of 2,3,7,8-TCDD 5.35-17.0 ng/kg milk fat (mean of 9.79) Koope et al. 1991... 

Schecter A, Gasiewicz TA. 1987b. Human breast milk levels of dioxins and dibenzofurans ... 

Chromium may be transferred to infants via breast milk as indicated by breast milk levels of chromium in women exposed occupationally (Shmitova 1980) or via normal levels in the diet (Casey and Hambidge 1984). It has been demonstrated that in healthy women, the levels of chromium measured in breast milk are independent of serum chromium levels, urinary chromium excretion, or dietary intake of chromium (Anderson et al. 1993, Mohamedshah et al. 1998), but others (Engelhardt et al. 1990) have disputed this observation. 

If the suspected peak of Figure 8 is A9-THC, its absorbance value indicates a milk level of 0.26 yg/ml. This extrapolates to an oral intake of 26 pg THC during an average 100 ml feeding, corresponding to 0.05-0.10% of the mother s estimated THC intake. 

For registration of a drug, data are required on excretion with the milk as well as data about the correlation between the blood and milk level. 

Adler H, Beck H, Mathar W, Palavinskas R (1994) Organohalogen Compounds 21 39-44 PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and other organochlorine compounds in human milk. Levels and their dynamics in Germany". Eds. University of Kyoto, Japan Beck H, Eckart K, Mathar W, Wittkowski I (1989b), Chemosphere 18 507-516. Levels of PCDD and PCDF in adipose tissue of occupationally exposed workers"... 

Fiirst, P. (2006) Dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and other organohalogen compounds in human milk. Levels, correlations, trends and exposure through breastfeeding. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 50 922-933. 

Stegink LD, Filer LJ Jr., and Baker GL (1979) Plasma erythrocyte and human milk levels of free amino acids in lactating women administered aspartame or lactose. Journal of Nutrition 109 2173-2181. 

SES, obstetrical and perinatal conditions) (Ranting et al. 1998c). A similar model with PCB breast milk levels (TEQ method) as a measure of postnatal PCB exposure with NOS as the outcome, also found no association between the dependent and independent variables. In the last set of four models, fluency score, the dependent variable, was not found to be significantly associated with any of the four exposure variables. 

Although the concentration of total PCBs did not differ between fisheaters and controls, both the proportion (mol %) and absolute concentration (ppb) of the most heavily chlorinated PCB congeners (Cl 7-C19) were markedly elevated in the cord blood of the fisheaters compared to the controls. PCB congeners of light (Cl 1 -Cl 3) or moderate (Cl 4-C16) chlorination were unrelated to fish consumption. The most heavily chlorinated congeners in cord blood were also the only congeners that correlated with breast milk levels. 

Human Breast Milk Levels of Dioxins and Dibenzofurans Significance with Respect to Current Risk Assessments... 

A previous study for the evaluation of the organochlorine pesticides burden in the human body, of a non-occupational-exposed population (WHO Project European Cooperation on Environmental Health Aspects of the Control of Chemicals ) indicated that human milk levels in the range of 11-12 mg kg HCH and 2.8 mg kg DDT, were about 5 times higher than in other European countries. The adipose tissue and fat sampled from humans, indicated a mean content in DDT plus DDE in the range of 8-17 mg kg, the DDE p entages demonstrated over a long period involving the metabolization of DDT and a constant intake of DDE in food. 

In the current study, bioavailability of DHASCO and ARASCO was observed on the basis of increased levels of DHA in liver and heart and of A A in heart after increased fatty acid supplementation of formula. Piglets fed a LC-PUFA-sup-plemented diet had DHA increases of 2.1- to 2.8-fold and 3.0-to 7.7-fold in liver and heart, respectively, and AA increases of 1.5- to 2.3-fold in heart. Abedin et al. (29) reported that guinea pigs fed diets supplemented with DHASCO and ARASCO at levels similar to (LC-PUFAl) or 3 times (LC-PUFA3) human milk levels had 13.4- to 34.6-fold elevations of DHA in liver and 1.4- to 1.5-fold elevations of DHA in heart. For AA levels, there were 2.0- to 2.6-fold increases in liver and 1.1- to 1.2-fold increases in heart. Dose-dependent effects of dietary DHA and AA were primarily in liver. Heart reached a plateau in this effect at LC-PUFAl. In our study, A A accumulation in heart, however, was more responsive to dietary A A changes. 

Enzymatic transformations that occur in the stomachs of dairy cows can account for most of the fatty acid isomers observed in milk fat. The enzymatically mediated migration and isomerization of double bonds present in dietary fats more fully explain the array of isomers found than earlier attempts based on single enzymatic pathways. The milk levels of two CLA isomers, the trans-1, cis-9 and the cis-9, trans-W, are increased beyond what might be expected based on intestinal contents, because of somatic desaturation, by A -desaturase, of the trans-1 and trans-11 octadenoic acids... 

PPIs are mainly distributed to the extracellular fluid, as suggested by their low apparent volume of distribution (Tab. 1). In animal studies, all PPIs crossed the placenta. Excretion into breast milk was minor with omeprazole and pantoprazole, whereas lansoprazole achieved milk levels comparable to plasma concentration [21]. As a general precaution, the use of PPIs during pregnancy and lactation is advised against. If strong acid inhibition is considered essential, omeprazole, mainly because of the accumulated experience, would be the most suitable drug. 

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