Organophosphorus pesticides toxicity

MILESON B E, CHAMBERS J E, CHEN W L, DETTBARN W, EHRICH M, ELDEFRAWI A T, GAYLOR D W, HAMERNIK K, HODGSON E, KARCZMAR A G, PADILLA S, POPE C N, RICHARDSON R J, SAUNDERS D R, SHEETS L P, SULTATOS L G and Wallace k b, Common mechanism of toxicity a case study of organophosphorus pesticides , Toxic Sci 1998 41 8-20. 

Duysen, E.G., Parikh, K., Aleti, V, et al., 2011. Adenovirus-mediated human paraoxonase 1 gene transfer to provide protection against the toxicity of the organophosphorus pesticide toxicant diazoxon. Gene Then 18, 250-257. 

DOT/UN/NA/IMCO shipping Methyl parathion, liquid (DOT) Methyl parathion mixture, dry (DOT) methyl parathion, solid (DOT) UN 3017 organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable, not otherwise specified HSDB 1999 RTECS 1989... 

Thompson HM, Langton SD, Hart ADM. 1995. Prediction of inter-species differences in the toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides to wildlife—a biochemical approach. Comp Biochem Physiol 111C 1-12. 

Brief notes are added on phosphorofluoridates even though their destruction by microbial activity— though clearly possible—is limited by their toxicity to the requisite microorganisms. One of the motivations for their inclusion is the fact that the hydrolytic enzyme(s) responsible for defluorination—organophosphorus acid anhydrase (OPA)—is widespread, and is found in a number of bacteria (Landis and DeFrank 1990). The microbial hydrolysis of organophosphorus pesticides and cholinesterase inhibitors is accomplished by several distinct enzymes, which are collectively termed organophosphorus acid anhydrases (OPAs). These have been reviewed (DeFrank 1991), so that only a few additional comments are necessary. 

Alam, K.K. and O.E. Maughan. 1993. Acute toxicity of selected organophosphorus pesticides to Cyprinus carpio and Barilus vagra. Jour. Environ. Sci. Health B28 81-89. 

Barr, Dana B., et al. (2004). Concentrations of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in the U.S. population. Environmental Health Perspectives 112(2) 186-200. Greenlee, A. R., T. M. Ellis, and R. L. Berg. (2004). Low-dose agrochemicals and lawn-care pesticides induce developmental toxicity in murine preimplantation embryos. Environmental Health Perspectives 112(6) 703-709. 

Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, n.o.s., flashpoint less than 23 degrees C 2784... 

Casida JE, Toia RF. Organophosphorus pesticides their target diversity and bioactivation. In Dekant W, Neumann HG, eds. Tissue Specific Toxicity Biochemical Mechanisms. London Academic Press, 1992. Coburn RF, Forman HJ. Carbon monoxide toxicity. In Fahri LE, Tenney SM, eds. Flandbook of Physiology, The Respiratory System, Section 3, Vol. IV, Bethesda, MD American Physiology Society, 1987. Ellenhorn MJ, Barceloux DG. Medical Toxicology, New York Elsevier, 1988. 

MW 290.19 CAS [107-49-3] an organophosphorus pesticide colorless liquid hygroscopic boiling point 124°C at 1 mm Hg vapor pressure 0.00047 torr at 20°C decomposes at 170 to 213°C density 1.185 g/ml at 20°C miscible with most organic solvents miscible with water but rapidly hydrolyzed highly toxic. 

Generally, not much work was available in the published literature on the levels of persistent toxic substances in the waters along the coastal areas of India. Most of the data available are on the two classic organo-chlorine pesticides, DDT and HCH and some sporadic reports on PCBs, BTs, cyclodines and some other organophosphorus pesticides in the coastal environmental samples. Neverthless, some recent works showed... 

Davila et al. [68] reported the transformation of the pesticides bromoxynil, dichlorophen, and pentachlorophenol by the versatile peroxidase from B. adusta. For the three transformed pesticides by versatile peroxidase, an oxidative dehalo-genation was observed, a very important process since the halogenated pesticides are considered more persistent and toxic than the organophosphorus pesticides, because of the carbon-halogen bond. Enzymatic transformation of dichlorophen compound... 

Legierse KCHM, Verhaar HJM, Vaes WHJ, De Bruijn JHM, Hermens JLM. 1999. Analysis of the time-dependent acute aquatic toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides the critical target occupation model. Environ Sci Technol 33 917-925. 

Mileson BE, Chambers JE, Chen WL, Dettbarn W, Ehrich M, Eldefrawi AT, Gaylor DW, Hamemik K, Hodgson E, Karczmar AG, Padilla S, Pope CN, Richardson RJ, Saunders DR, Sheets LP, Sultatos LG, Wallace KB. 1998. Common mechanism of toxicity a case study of organophosphorus pesticides. Toxicol Sci 41 8-20. 

ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES There are no simple direct chemical tests for organophosphorus compounds. The toxic effects e usually associated with depression of the cholinesterase activity of the body, and measurement of the plasma or serum cholinesterase can be used, therefore, as an indication of organophosphorus poisoning. 

Pope, C.N. (1999). Organophosphorus pesticides do they all have the same mechanism of toxicity J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev. 2 161-81. 

Naled is moderately to highly toxic via the oral route, with oral LD50 values of 91 30mgkg in rats and mice. Dermal LD50 values were 1100 mg kg in rabbits and 800 mg kg in rats. Naled can cause dermatitis and sensitization, and can be corrosive to skin and eyes. Effects due to naled exposure are similar to those caused by other organophosphorus pesticides. 

Devillers J. Prediction of mammalian toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides from QSTR modeling. SAR QSAR Environ Res. 2004 15(5-6) 501-10. 

Eldred DV, Jurs PC. Prediction of acute mammalian toxicity of organophosphorus pesticide compounds from molecular structure. SAR QSAR Environ Res 1999 10 75-99. 

---