Organochlorine pesticides endosulfan

Roberts, D.M., Dissanayake, W., Sheriff, M.H.R., Eddleston, M., 2004. Refractory status epilepticus following self-poisoning with the organochlorine pesticide endosulfan. J. Clin. Neurosci. 11, 760-762. 

The results presented in Table VI for the 42 organochlorine pesticides extracted from spiked sand indicate that SFE with carbon dioxide worked reasonably well for 35 of the 42 compounds (recovery > 50 percent) from those 35 compounds, 30 compound had recoveries > 70 percent. Among the seven compounds with recoveries < 50 percent, two are very volatile (DBCP and hexachlorocyclopentadiene). Three of the remaining five compounds (chlorthalonil, captan, and endosulfan sulfate) gave very poor recoveries with carbon dioxide alone, probably because of their polarity however, in other experiments we have recovered them quantitatively from spiked sand with carbon dioxide modified with 10 percent methanol (1). Chlorobenzilate recoveries were poor, even when we used carbon dioxide with 10 percent methanol, and captafol was not tested with the carbon dioxide/methanol combination. 

As indicated in Table VII, 13 of the 18 OCPs were retrieved in excess of 90% recovery during the first extraction. The remaining four OCPs, endrin, endosulfan n, endosulfan sulfate, and methoxychlor were recovered at levels between 10-57%. Since no significant amount of any OCP was recovered during the follow-up extraction, breakdown of some organochlorine pesticides endrin in the injection port of the GC was suspected. 

Fig. 2.9. Historical usage amounts of each organochlorine pesticides DDTs, CHLs, Al-drin, Endrin, Toxaphene, and Heptachlor from KMOE (2004c), HCHs from Lee (1982), and Endosulfan from Lee (1982) by 1980 and modified from Jeong et al. (2001c) since 1981. Total endosulfan use of five years (from Jeong et al. (2001c)) was converted to annual average amount.

Fig. 2.18. Composition (mean%) of individual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs HCB, HCHs, CHLs, Drins, Endosulfan, and DDTs) relative to total OCPs, detected in the various environmental media (air, soil, freshwater, brackish, marine sediments, and organism no. of samples are in parenthesis) from the South Korea.

Banerjee et al. (1997) found 3.4 times higher levels of HCHs in 61 milk samples from Delhi than those from Lucknow (Siddiqui et al., 1981a). Sanghi et al. (2003) found endosulfan, malathion, chloropyrifos, methyl-parathion and HCHs in human milk samples collected from Bhopal, India. Again, with respect to the classical organochlorine pesticides in mothers milk in big cities and rural areas in the present decade, Nair et al. (1996) found 1.27 mg l-1 fat wt. of DDTs and 0.33 mg l-1 fat wt. of... 

In cultured rat glial cells, ChK prevented the inhibition of gap junction-mediated intercellular communication by two organochlorine pesticides, dieldrin and endosulfan.29 In these experiments, pretreatment of glial cells with 1 or 10 pM ChK prevented, in a dose-dependent manner, dieldrin- or endosulfan-induced inhibition of gap junction-mediated communication, assayed by fluorescent dye... 

Pathak, R., Suke, S.G., Ahmed, R.S., Tripathi, A.K., Guleria, K., Sharma, C.S., Makhijani, S. D., Mishra, M., Baneijee, B.D. Endosulfan and other organochlorine pesticide residues in maternal and cord blood in North Indian population. Bull. Environ. Toxicol. 81, 216—219 (2008)... 

Fig. 4.29. Extraction-time profile curves (signal height versus absorption time) for organochlorine pesticides in aqueous solutions. Conditions spiking level 0.2-1.2 ng/ml polydimethylsiloxane fibre length 100 pm magnetic stirring rate 250 rpm. Although equilibrium was not reached for some analytes, the extraction time was chosen to be 15 min. ( ) a-hexachlorocyclohexane, ( ) /3-hexa-chlorocyclohexane, (A) dieldrin, (x) aldrin, (O) 4,4 -DDT, ( ) 4,4 -DDE, ( + ) 4,4 -DDD and ( ) endosulfan sulphate. (Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.)...

A large number of ubiquitous environmental pollutants are very toxic to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis when administered at high (greater than environmental) levels. To study low level effects on the HPT axis, laboratory animals were administered a mixture of 16 organochlorine pesticides and other chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals, all at levels similar to those found environmentally, so as to simulate environmental exposure. The chemicals included DDT (6.91), HCB (5.73), TCDD (6.80), PCBs (6.29), methoxychlor (5.08), endosulfan (3.83), heptachlor (6.10), hexachlorocyclohexane (3.80), dieldrin (5.40), aldrin (6.50), mirex (7.18), several chlorinated benzenes (2.84-3.44), cadmium (-1.65), and lead (1.35). Effects were measured by monitoring thyroid activity. The study found that this mixture of environmental pollutants was toxic and can alter HPT physiology in sexually mature malesJ50 ... 

Dorval, J., V.S. Leblond and A. Hontela. Oxidative stress and loss of cortisol secretion in adrenocortical cells of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed in vitro to endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide. 

E.A. Maier., L.G.M.Th. Tuinstra., A.H. Roos and B. Griepink, Certification of the contents (mass fraction) of organochlorine pesticides (heptachlor, -heptachlorepoxide, y-chlordane, a-endosulfan, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin. o,p -DDT and p.p -DDT) inanimal feed— CRM 115. Report EUR 16889EN, European Commission, Luxembourg (1996). 

Mitema and Gitau reported low levels of a-BHC, P-BHC, aldrin, dieldrin, lindane and p,p -DDT in Nile perch from Lake Victoria. The p,p -DDT and its metabolites formed the largest proportion of the organochlorine pesticide residues in the fish samples. The presence of these residues was attributed to the previous use of the pesticides in agriculture and aerial control of mosquitoes in the Lake Victoria region. Studies conducted in other parts of the country revealed similar trends of pesticide contaminations. Wandiga reported residues of aldrin, a-endosulfan, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, DDE, DDD and lindane in seawater, seaweeds, sediments, and fish. They found residue levels ranging from 0.503-9.025 ng/g in sea water, 0.584-59.00 ng/g in sediments, and concentrations of 1011 ng/g and 418 ng/g of p,p -DDT and p,p -DDD, respectively, in fish. 

Finally, even if most of the pesticides worldwide are used in fruit and vegetable crops, data on pesticide residues in animal products are also essential, taking into account that livestock can be easily exposed to pesticides directly or through residues in their feed. For instance, the 2009 European Union Report revealed the presence of 34 different pesticides in animal products [115]. Garcfa de Llasera et al. [128] revealed the presence of chlofenvinphos and chlorpyrifos in liver samples, whereas a-endosnlfan, endosulfan sulfate, and dichloran have been reported in pork and lamb samples (<10 pg/kg) [129]. Bolafios et al. [130] studied the occurrence of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in chicken eggs. Benzene hexachloride and 28 polychlorinated biphenyl were detected in only one of the 30 samples at concentrations of 15 and 10 ng/g, respectively. However, five samples also contained traces of OC and PCB residues, even if at concentration levels below the limit of quantification. Einally, a-endosulfan and P-endosulfan were found in commercial milk-based infant formulas at concentration levels from 1.18 to 5.03 pg/kg [35]. The same study also showed the presence of fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos ethyl, and bifenthrin at maximum concentrations of 0.23,1.30, and 0.68 pg/kg, respectively. 

The reagent sequence is specific for endosulfan and phosphamidon. Other insecticides, e.g. organochlorine insecticides, such as endrin, aldrin, dieldrin, DDT and BHC, organophosphorus insecticides, such as malathion, parathion, dimethoate, quinalphos, phorate and fenitrothion, or carbamate insecticides, such as baygon, car-baryl and carbofuran do not react. Neither is there interference from amino acids, peptides or proteins which might be extracted from the biological material together with the pesticides. 

Endosulfan Pesticide - organochlorine - bioaccumulates - currently used as an insecticide... 

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