Mother’s milk

When a mminant is bom, it consumes colostmm within a few hours. Colostmm contains antibodies from the mother s milk that serve to immunize the neonate against disease (37). These antibodies can be absorbed by the neonate only within the first few days of its life there is no placental transfer of antibiotics in mminants (37). 

Correlations of exposure with other measures of body burden are often difficult and their results are consequently less conclusive. For example, trichloroethylene was present at unspecified levels in eight of eight samples of mother s milk from four urban areas in the United States (Pellizzari et al. 1982). Whole-blood specimens from 121 men and 129 women with no known exposure to trichloroethylene had levels from nondetectable to 1.5 ppb (Antoine et al. 1986). Post-mortem analyses of human tissue revealed body fat... 

Pellizzari ED, Hartwell TD, Harris BS, et al. 1982. Purgeable organic compounds in mother s milk. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28 322-328. 

HaleTW. Medications and Mother s Milk. 11th ed. Amarillo,... 

In a review of data on occupational chemicals that may contaminate breast milk (Byczkowski et al. 1994), it is stated that lead may be excreted in milk in amounts lethal to the infant and that the metal may be mobilized from bone stores to milk during the lactation period. Even when the concentration of lead in mother s milk is low, the absorption of metals into the systemic circulation of infants is generally high when they are on a milk diet. To better understand the sensitivity of the nursing infant to chemicals, epidemiological studies, chemical monitoring, and model development and application are needed. 

Breastfed infants are exclusively dependent on the lutein and zeaxanthin content of mother s milk because lutein and zeaxanthin cannot be biosynthesized by the human body as mentioned earlier. In comparison to other carotenoids present in mother s milk, lutein and zeaxanthin were reported to constitute the highest relative amount (Khachik et al. 1997b, Azeredo and Trugo 2008). Their concentrations in mother s milk approximately reflect maternal intake levels of these carotenoids (Canfield et al. 2003, Jackson and Zimmer 2007). Currently, most commercially available infant formulas either do not contain lutein and zeaxanthin at all or only in trace amounts. In this context, an earlier publication (Johnson and Norkus 1995) documented decreasing lutein and zeaxanthin plasma levels in infants who were formula-fed for 1 month after birth. 

Erickson MD, Harris III BSH, Pellizzari ED, et al. Acquisition and chemical analysis of mother s milk for selected toxic substances. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 560/13-80-029. 

This leads to a release of the pesticide from fatty tissue into other compartments of the body. Since milk contains fat, mother s milk also constitutes a storage for the pesticide (see below the example of DDT and TCDD). 

Maillard reaction. We are sure, however, they do not represent artefacts, formed upon work up or during the analytical procedure. Several of the heterocycles have been described earlier as volatile constituents of mother s milk (Pellizari et al. 1982 cf. Figure 31.2 compounds 5, 6, 9, 13, 17, 19 among other unknown oxygen con-... 

Mizuno, K., Mizuno, N., Shinohara, T., and Noda, M. (2004). Mother-infant skin-to-skin contact after delivery results in early recognition of own mother s milk odour. Acta Paediatr. 93, 1640-1645. 

Responses of Pre-term Infants to the Odour of Mother s Milk... 

Some methods are available for determining -hexane in urine and tissues. A modified dynamic headspace extraction method for urine, mother s milk, and adipose tissue has been reported (Michael et al. 1980). Volatiles swept from the sample are analyzed by capillary GC/FID. Acceptable recovery was reported for model compounds detection limits were not reported (Michael et al. 1980). A solvent extraction procedure utilizing isotope dilution followed by GC/MS analysis has been reported for tissues (White et al. 1979). Recovery was good (104%) and detection limits are approximately 100 ng/mL (White etal. 1979). 

Sharon, N., and Ofek, I. (2000). Safe as mother s milk Carbohydrates as future anti-adhesion drugs for bacterial diseases. Glycocon. J. 17, 659-664. 

Near a hazardous waste site, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide can enter your body if you breathe contaminated air, drink contaminated water, or touch contaminated soil. Exposure around hazardous waste sites can also occur by eating plants or animals that have been contaminated with heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide. Sometimes small children eat soil. If the soil is contaminated with heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide, they will be exposed in this way. Heptachlor epoxide can enter an infant s body in mother s milk after the mother has been exposed to heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide. Heptachlor can enter the bodies of people who make it in factories if they breathe it in or get it on their skin. 

Larsen AA, Robinson, JM, Schmitt N, et al. 1971. Pesticide residues in mother s milk and human fat from intensive use of soil insecticides. HSMHA Health Reports 86(5) 477-481. 

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