Organic industrial chemicals production

Cao, Z. Groen, H. Hammond, R.B. etal., Monitoring the crystallization of organic specialty chemical products via on-line analytical techniques International Symposium on Industrial Crystallization, 14th, Cambridge, UK, September 12-16, 1999, 2267-2278. 

In refining of petroleum, sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst for alkylation reactions and in the manufacture of other organic derivatives. Chemicals production includes virtually every heavy chemical industry. For example, the production of sodium and aluminum sulfates, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, insecticides, detergents, and many other chemicals all involve the use of H2S04. 

The activity of exogenous chemical substances on the human organism can be observed under various circumstances eth-nopharmacology, popular medicines, clinical observation of secondary effects or adverse events, fortuitous observation of activities of industrial chemical products, etc. As in all cases, the harvested information is observed directly in man, this approach presents a notable advantage. 

Therefore, the concept of flash chemistry may lead to a paradigm shift in laboratory chemical studies and industrial chemical production. It is hoped that various types of flash chemistry based on different methods of activating molecules and generating reactive reagents or intermediates, which may undergo a variety of reactions, will be developed and widely utilized in chemical research and in chemical plants to meet the demands of rapid and selective synthesis of various organic small molecules and polymers in the future. 

As illustrated in Figure 5.3.1 all organic industrial chemicals are based on a relatively small number of raw materials that are activated according to step (i) to around 20 base chemicals. The latter are functionalized according to step (ii) to around 300 intermediates that are applied in many thousands of consumer products. 

In the 1920s, one of the early important synthetic organic industrial chemicals from the aliphatic (chain molecule) branch was synthetic alcohol, particularly methyl alcohol (or methanol), marking another dramatic shift from natural to synthetic. Du Pont was one of two American firms to put synthetic methanol, manufactured as a by-product to its synthetic ammonia plant and drawing heavily on newer techniques in high pressure technologies, on the market in... 

Formerly known as Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA). A trade association of chemical manufacturers, representing more than 90 percent of the production for basic industrial chemicals in the US. Administers research in areas significant to chemical manufacturing such as air and water pollution control operates Chemical Transportation Emergency Center (CHEMTREC) to control and report chemical accidents. ACC is organized by industrial groups and also by issue groups that sen>e as coordinators and advocators in their fields of specializations. 

PROPENE The major use of propene is in the production of polypropylene. Two other propene-derived organic chemicals, acrylonitrile and propylene oxide, are also starting materials for polymer synthesis. Acrylonitrile is used to make acrylic fibers (see Table 6.5), and propylene oxide is one component in the preparation oi polyurethane polymers. Cumene itself has no direct uses but rather serves as the starting material in a process that yields two valuable industrial chemicals acetone and phenol. 

The importance of the trihalides as industrial chemicals stems partly from their use in preparing crystalline boron (p. 141) but mainly from their ability to catalyse a wide variety of organic reactions.BF3 is the most widely used but BCI3 is employed in special cases. Thus, BF3 is manufactured on the multikilotonne scale whereas the production of BCI3 (USA, 1990) was 250 tonnes and BBr3 was about 23 tonnes. BF3 is shipped in steel cylinders containing 2.7 or 28 kg at a pressure of 10-12 atm, or in tube trailers... 

Within the chemical industry, micro-organisms and enzymes are often used as catalysts. It is possible for a unit operation in an essentially chemical production process to be a biochemically catalysed step giving rise to a mixed chemical/biochemical production process. The products of these reactions include organic chemicals, solvents, polymers, pharmaceuticals, and purfumes. Mixed chemical/biochemical production processes are continuously innovated and optimised, mainly for economical reasons. 

Organic Acid Phosphates, Product Information Bulletin, Mobil Chemical Company, Industrial Chemicals Div., Richmond, VA. 

The NEMCA effect in aqueous electrochemistry may be of considerable technological value, for example in the electrochemical treatment of toxic organics or the production of useful industrial chemicals. 

Oxides of Platinum Metals Anodes of platinum (and more rarely of other platinum metals) are used in the laboratory for studies of oxygen and chlorine evolution and in industry for the synthesis of peroxo compounds (such as persulfuric acid, H2S2O8) and organic additive dimerization products (such as sebacic acid see Section 15.6). The selectivity of the catalyst is important for all these reactions. It governs the fraction of the current consumed for chlorine evolution relative to that consumed in oxygen evolution as a possible parallel reaction it also governs the current yields and chemical yields in synthetic electrochemical reactions. 

The CleanGredients development model engages a multi-stakeholder coalition of participants from government entities, environmental organizations, industry associations, cleaning product formulators and distributors, and chemical manufacturers and suppliers, working to shift the direction of industrial and institutional (I I) cleaning product... 

STABREX is easier and simpler to use compared to any other oxidant available for industrial water treatment. The product is pumped directly from returnable transporters (PortaFeed Systems)17 with standard chemical feed equipment. Previously, the only practical ways to apply bromine were to oxidize bromide solutions on-site with chlorine in dual liquid feed systems, or with one of the solid organically-stabilized bromine products applied from sidestream erosion feeders. The former is cumbersome and complex, and the latter is prone to dusting and difficult to control. Other oxidants require complex handling and feed of toxic volatile gases, unstable liquids, multiple-component products, or reactive solids. Simplicity in use results in reduced risk to workers and to the environment. 

Since its recognition and systematic exploration by Otto Diels and Kurt Alder in the 1920s, the Diels-Alder reaction motif (5.84b) has provided one of the most powerful tools of organic synthesis. The Diels-Alder reaction led directly to the dramatic pre-World War II development of the chemical industry for production of synthetic rubber and other polymeric materials. Today, the commercial impact of Diels-Alder methods extends to virtually all areas of agricultural, pharmaceutical, and natural-products chemistry. 

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